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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39669-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Parallel origin of subalpine populations of Primula elatior in the three mountain ranges in central Europe. (A) Geographical distribution of the complete dataset of 16 foothill and subalpine (marked by bold circles) populations of P. elatior, pie charts and barplots show the proportional assignment of individuals from each population to the three clusters inferred by structure, (B) neighbor-joining network of the same populations based on among-population F_ST distances (subalpine populations marked by asterisks), (C) principal component analysis (PCA) of all 202 individuals (coloured according to structure results). Map was processed in ArcMap version 10.0 (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/) by V. Konečná, map layer was modified (http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/raster-and-images/hillshade-function.htm) by V. Konečná.