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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39669-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Migration and differentiation of foothill (F) and subalpine (S) populations of P. elatior in the three mountain ranges of central Europe. The values between mountain ranges are overall mean pairwise F_ST between foothill and subalpine populations. The arrows indicate preferred migration scenario, their width reflects estimated number of immigrants per generation (Nm): dashed arrow (5–21), standard arrow (68–73), and thick arrow (161–551). Created by V. Konečná.