Fig. 4.

Application of the integrated framework for engineering more organotypic models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in vitro. 1) advanced characterization reveals localized regions of fibrotic activity, distinguished by increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and matrix stiffness. 2) dynamic multiresponsive biomaterial systems impart photo-controlled spatiotemporal stiffening and release of soluble factors to emulate disease progression. 3 and 4) Preclinical verification and clinical validation expedite the translation and commercialization of precision therapeutic interventions for IPF.