Table 3.

Results of repeated-measures models for clamp outcomes

	EGP		Glycerol Ra		[Glycerol]		[FFA]
Effect	Estimate	P value	Estimate	P value	Estimate	P value	Estimate	P value
Intercept	1.19 ± 0.35		2.58 ± 0.57		64.16 ± 13.90		164.84 ± 83.89
T2D	−0.49 ± 0.40	0.005	−0.81 ± 0.67	0.04	−37.63 ± 19.62	0.10	−140.83 ± 119.64	0.09
Insulin	−0.0013 ± 0.0013	0.74	0.00037 ± 0.0020	0.76	−0.071 ± 0.039	0.68	−0.24 ± 0.30	0.90
Clamp phase		<.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Basal phase	0.94 ± 0.38		2.04 ± 0.79		22.85 ± 11.34		366.37 ± 103.04
10 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	0.82 ± 0.46		0.82 ± 0.68		6.62 ± 11.87		165.91 ± 112.51
16 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	−0.27 ± 0.32		0.14 ± 0.68		−3.52 ± 12.09		60.06 ± 113.93
T2D × phase		0.71		0.14		<0.001		0.03
T2D × basal phase	0.034 ± 0.39		1.09 ± 0.88		44.44 ± 16.28		218.83 ± 123.58
T2D × 10 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	−0.32 ± 0.42		−0.68 ± 0.66		15.33 ± 14.72		−44.90 ± 111.93
T2D × 16 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	−0.07 ± 0.30		−0.40 ± 0.63		13.54 ± 13.85		1.37 ± 103.47
Insulin × phase		0.007		0.16		0.44		0.29
Insulin × basal phase	−0.00085 ± 0.0030		−0.0093 ± 0.0078		−0.084 ± 0.073		−1.47 ± 0.96
Insulin × 10 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	0.0017 ± 0.0036		0.0036 ± 0.0049		0.049 ± 0.092		0.96 ± 1.024
Insulin × 16 mU·m−2·min−1 phase	0.0051 ± 0.0015		0.0080 ± 0.0042		0.043 ± 0.084		0.51 ± 0.95
Insulin × T2D	−0.0012 ± 0.0016	0.45	−0.000070 ± 0.0024	0.97	0.098 ± 0.068	0.15	0.35 ± 0.46	0.29
Least squares estimate of group difference at phase of primary interest (T2D-control)	0.64 ± 0.11	<0.001	1.50 ± 0.44	0.001	16.73 ± 10.10	0.10	165.68 ± 63.45	0.01
Least squares estimate of group difference at phase of primary interest adjusted for metformin (T2D-control)	0.52 ± 0.18	0.006	2.01 ± 0.55	<0.001	47.72 ± 18.17	0.01	209.44 ± 79.04	0.009

Values are estimates ± SE. The 80 mU·m⁻²·min⁻¹ phase of the clamp was treated as the reference category for phase, and controls were treated as the reference category for group. At 16 mU·m⁻²·min⁻¹ phase, insulin 71 μU/ml for glucose Ra; at 10 mU·m⁻²·min⁻¹ phase, insulin 51 μU/ml for glycerol Ra, glycerol, and FFA. The overall comparison of the entire curve from all four phases between groups is the T2D × phase, and the final output of the model at the phase of interest is the least squares estimate. The remainder of values include all of the parameter estimates from the model. EGP, endogenous glucose production; FFA, free fatty acid; Ra, rate of appearance; T2D, type 2 diabetes.