Fig. 1.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr)-mediated monosynaptic evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) from dorsal root fibers. Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings of blue light-evoked NMDAr-mediated eEPSC traces were collected from small lamina II neurons with monosynaptic connections with dorsal root C-fibers. Blue light (470 nm) pulses (8–10 ms) were used to activate Na_v1.8⁺ fibers in the dorsal root at 0.2 Hz or 1 Hz (inset); the absence of jitter and failures suggests a monosynaptic connection.