Fig. 4.

Cilia beating patterns in isolated ciliated cells and intact EDs. (A) Image sequences showing the beating motion of cilia and the resulting rotation in a ciliated cell isolated from adult EDs. All frames are in the same scale. (Scale bar: 15 μm.) (B) An ST map (time in the x axis) showing changes in cilia opacity/translucency calculated perpendicularly to the overall arc of motion (see dashed region in A, Bottom). (C) Object displacement and rotation tracking of the isolated ciliated cell show the regularity of cilia motion and the propulsive effect on the cell. Efferent ductal cilia generate larger torque forces that rotate (±20° per beat) and displace the cell (±7–10 µm). (D) Image of the field of view (FOV) using power imaging of intact ED tube (Left) and SD of opacity/translucency demarcating those areas in which detectable cilia beating was observed (Right). (Scale bar: 100 μm.) (E, Left) An ST map (time in the x axis) taken from a region parallel to the ED wall showing distinct rhythmic frequencies (gray bars i–iv). (E, Right) Plotting the time courses of the changes in opacity/translucency reveals a wide variety of frequencies and amplitudes in adjacent regions [∼450 cpm (i) to ∼126 cpm (iv)]. (F) Differential image showing two clumps of materials (most likely cell clumps sloughed into the lumen during whole-mount preparation) within the EDs. (Scale bar: 100 μm.) (G) The 3D ST objects constructed from the two clumps of materials in F, showing the swirling motion applied to objects by the underlying movement of cilia. (Scale bar: 100 μm.)