Table 1.
EMA and end-of-day diary assessment of loneliness and social isolation in each condition
| Outcome | MA (n = 58) | MO (n = 58)* | Control (n = 37) | Time × condition difference | ||||||
| Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | Pre | Post | d | ||
| Subjective perceptions of loneliness | ||||||||||
| Diary loneliness | 2.25 (0.15) | 1.76 (0.15) | 0.44† | 1.97 (0.15) | 1.99 (0.15) | −0.02 | 2.26 (0.19) | 2.27 (0.19) | −0.01 | χ2(2) = 11.46, P = 0.003 |
| Objective social isolation | ||||||||||
| EMA social interactions | 2.58 (0.21) | 2.98 (0.21) | 0.31† | 2.60 (0.21) | 2.55 (0.21) | −0.04 | 2.40 (0.26) | 2.42 (0.26) | 0.02 | χ2(2) = 8.36, P = 0.015 |
| Diary social interactions‡ | 9.06 (0.77) | 10.82 (0.77) | 0.47† | 10.19 (0.77) | 10.72 (0.77) | 0.13 | 10.55 (0.95) | 10.52 (0.96) | −0.05 | χ2(2) = 6.06, P = 0.048 |
| Diary interaction partners‡ | 6.92 (0.60) | 8.26 (0.60) | 0.39† | 7.79 (0.60) | 7.51 (0.60) | −0.04 | 8.84 (0.74) | 8.03 (0.75) | −0.15 | χ2(2) = 11.23, P = 0.004 |
Data are reported as means (SE) adjusted for day of week (EMA and diary) and time of day (EMA only). d = Cohen’s d effect size estimate.
*n = 57 in diary analyses.
†
P < 0.05.
‡
Means calculated from estimated number of social interactions; time × condition differences and effect sizes calculated from raw data (Measures).