Table 1.

Recent imaging studies^a assessing preoperative impairments in cortical maturation in CHD.

	Cohort	Gestational age	Cases (n)	Controls (n)	Technique	Findings
Fetal
Zeng et al., 2015 [85]	Mixed	2nd and 3rd trimester	73	168	Ultrasound	Progressive ↓ frontal lobe volume from GW28
Schellen et al., 2015 [36]	TOF	25 wks	24	24	MRI	↓ cortical GM volume
Clouchoux et al., 2013 [35]	HLHS	25–37 wks	18	30	MRI	↓ cortical GM volume ↓ cortical surface area ↓ GI Cortical sulcation delay
Masoller et al., 2016 [86]	Mixed	36–38 wks	58	58	MRI	↓ cortical sulcation
Kelly et al., 2017 [37]	Mixed	39 wks	30	30	MRI	↓ cortical GM volume ↓ GJ
Postnatal preoperative
Ortinau et al., 2013 [38]	Mixed	Term	15	12	MRI	↓ cortical surface area ↓ GI
von Rhein et al., 2015 [27]	Mixed	Term	19	19	MRI	↓ cortical GM volume ↓ frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes volume
De Asis-Cruz et al., 2018 [39]	Mixed	Term	30	82	rs-fc MRI	Altered functional brain connectivity

^aStudies within the past 5 years

GI, gyrification index; GM, gray matter; GW, gestational week; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; rs-fc MRI, resting state functional connectivity MRI; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot.