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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Nov 9;195:172–185. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.001

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

The pathway for DNA methylation. A) The steps involved in the formation and elimination of 5-methyl cytosine (mC) in DNA is shown. Abbreviations: SAM, S-adenosyl methionine; SAH, S-adenosyl homocysteine; hmC, 5-hyroxymethyl cytosine; fC, 5-formyl cytosine; caC, 5-carboxyl cytosine; BER, base excision repair; TDG, thymidine DNA glycosylase. B) Expression of genes involved in methylation varies between cell types and tissues. For example, different cell types in brain express various levels of the mRNA transcripts for DNMTs and TETs. Data taken from Zhang et al. (2014).