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. 2019 Feb 25;10:208. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00208

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Copyright © 2019 Hammerbacher, Kandasamy, Ullah, Schmidt, Wright and Gershenzon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Functional characterization of flavanone-3-hydroxylase gene in Norway spruce. (A) PaF3H expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli produced taxifolin when the substrate eriodictyol was fed to the culture. RNA-interference of F3H led to reduced levels of PaF3H transcripts (B), as well as reduced levels of taxifolin (C), taxifolin glucoside (D) and catechin (E) in transgenic trees compared to the empty vector control (n = 4; error bars = SE; p < 0.05). Transcript abundance was measured by qRT-PCR normalized against PaUBI and calibrated against the abundance of RNAi line 1. Metabolites were analyzed by LC-tandem mass spectrometry.