Table 1.
Age-standardized baseline characteristics of participants according to resting heart rate in men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1992–2012)
| Resting heart rate (beat per minute) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <60 | 60–64 | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | ≥80 | |
| Participants, N | 4295 | 8430 | 5239 | 6412 | 2905 | 3875 |
| Resting heart rate (beat per minute) | 53.6 (4.4) | 61.4 (1.7) | 66.9 (1.3) | 71.6 (1.2) | 76.5 (1.2) | 84.4 (7.0)a |
| Age (yrs)† | 57.9 (9.6) | 58.6 (9.6) | 58.3 (9.2) | 58.6 (9.4) | 58.2 (9.0) | 57.8 (8.9)a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (2.8) | 25.3 (2.9) | 25.5 (3.0) | 25.7 (3.3) | 25.9 (3.3) | 26.1 (3.5)a |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 42.4 (35.5) | 33.4 (29.9) | 31.3 (29.3) | 28.0 (27.8) | 25.2 (25.1) | 23.3 (24.9)a |
| Total calorie intake (kcal/day) | 1994 (556) | 1959 (547) | 1965 (555) | 1960 (559) | 1961 (557) | 1989 (575) |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 9.81 (13.4) | 9.94 (13.6) | 10.19 (13.8) | 10.51 (14.7) | 10.95 (15.3) | 11.86 (16.5)a |
| P:S ratio | 0.63 (0.21) | 0.60 (0.19) | 0.59 (0.18) | 0.58 (0.18) | 0.58 (0.18) | 0.56 (0.17)a |
| Trans fat (% of total energy) | 1.29 (0.50) | 1.35 (0.50) | 1.37 (0.50) | 1.40 (0.51) | 1.41 (0.49) | 1.46 (0.51)a |
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 7.01 (4.30) | 6.35 (3.97) | 6.21 (3.64) | 6.00 (3.54) | 5.87 (3.33) | 5.53 (3.19)a |
| Whole grain (g/day) | 28.2 (20.8) | 24.5 (18.2) | 23.6 (17.6) | 22.5 (18.1) | 21.5 (16.6) | 19.9 (15.9)a |
| Glycemic load | 131.6 (44.5) | 125.8 (42.4) | 125.2 (42.7) | 123.6 (42.6) | 122.8 (42.5) | 122.1 (42.9)a |
| Diet z-score (SD)‡ | 0.68 (2.91) | 0.18 (2.67) | 0.01 (2.55) | −0.18 (2.56) | −0.28 (2.42) | −0.63 (2.40)a |
| white, % | 96.6 | 95.8 | 96.1 | 95.5 | 95.0 | 94.8a |
| Ever smoker, % | 43.0 | 48.1 | 48.8 | 49.4 | 51.8 | 56.9a |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 14.5 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 15.7a |
| Hypertension, % | 17.7 | 17.2 | 17.4 | 18.5 | 16.9 | 21.6a |
| Betablocker use, % | 11.3 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.1a |
| Thiazide diuretic use, % | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.8a |
| Furosemide-like diuretic use, % | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5a |
| Calcium channel blocker use, % | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 5.9a |
| Other antihypertensive drug use, % | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 7.0a |
| Antiarrhythmic drug use, % | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4a |
Data are mean (SD) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
†
Value is not age adjusted
‡
Diet z-score was calculated by standardizing and summarizing continuously scaled dietary variables (polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio, trans fat, cereal fiber, whole grain, and glycemic load) P for trend across categories of resting heart rate.
a
P<0.001
b
P<0.05