Table 1.
Role of SLs in proliferation, survival, differentiation, neurodegeneration, ischaemia and inflammation, Cer, ceramide
| Cell/Tissue | Method | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proliferation | ||||
| Neural progenitor cultured cells | A, exogenous S1P | ↑ proliferation | – | Harada et al., 2004 |
| Oligodendrocyte precursors | A,siS1P1R | ↑ proliferation | S1P1R | Jung et al., 2007 |
| Neuronal progenitors retina | A | ↑ proliferation | S1P | Miranda et al., 2009 |
| Human neuroblastoma cell | A, siCERK | ↓ proliferation | ↓ CERK expression | Bini et al., 2012 |
| Neuronal progenitors retina | A | neuronal progenitors retina | C1P | Miranda et al., 2011 |
| Survival | ||||
| Photoreceptor | A | ↑ survival | C1P | Miranda et al., 2011 |
| SH‐5YSY, TNFα, | A,si CERK | ↑ survival | ↓ CERK expression | Barth et al., 2012 |
| Photoreceptor | A | ↑ survival | S1P | Miranda et al., 2009 |
| SH‐SY5Y, MPP+ | A | ↑ survival | S1P | Pyszko and Strosznajder, 2014 |
| Mature oligodendrocyte | A,si S1P5R | ↑ survival | S1P5R/AKT | Jaillard et al., 2005 |
| Drosophila mutants | B | ↑ photoreceptor survival | CDase expression | Acharya et al., 2003 |
| Retinitis pigmentosa mouse (eye) | B | ↑ photoreceptor survival | SPT inhibition | Strettoi et al., 2010 |
| Differentiation | ||||
| Neuronal progenitors retina | A | ↑ differentiation | S1P | Miranda et al., 2009 |
| PC12 | A | neurite retraction ↓differentiation | S1P/S1P2R | Toman et al., 2004 |
| PC12, dorsal root ganglion neurons | A | ↑ differentiation ↑neurite outgrowth | S1P/S1P1R | Toman et al., 2004 |
| Oligodendrocyte precursor, S1P1R KO mouse | B | ↓differentiation | ↓S1P1R | Dukala and Soliven, 2016 |
| Inflammation | ||||
| Microglial cultured cells, brain | A, B | ↓inflammation | C2‐Cer, ROS, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, Jak/STAT | Jung et al., 2013 |
| Murine ischaemic brain, Cultured neurons | A,B,a | ↑inflammation, ↓inflammation | SPHK1inhibition, KO, SPHK2 inhibition, KO | Zheng et al., 2015 |
| Neurodegeneration | ||||
| Purkinje cell CERS1 mutants | A | ↓cell number, ↓ neurite branching | ↓C18Cer, ↑C16Cer, ↑Sph, ↑dhSph, ↑dhS1P, ↑S1P | Zhao et al., 2011 |
| Purkinje cell, aSMase KO | A | ↑ death | ↑SM | Horinouchi et al., 1995 |
| Neuroblastoma cell | A,siCERS2 | cell growth arrest, increased autophagy | ↓CERS2, ↑C16Cer, ↓ C24Cer, | Spassieva et al., 2009 |
| Ischaemia/Hypoxia | ||||
| Rat brain,glia, chronic hypoxia | B | – | ↑ Cer, ↑ aSMase, ↓GCS | Ohtani et al., 2004 |
| Hypoxia/reoxygenation, NT‐2 neuronal precursor cells | A | – | ↑ C14Cer, ↑C16 Cer, ↑ SMase, ↑CERS5 | Jin et al., 2008 |
| Ischaemia, rat hippocampus astrocyte | B | ↑TNFα, IL1, IL6 | ↑ nSMase | Gu et al., 2013 |