| TARGETS | |
|---|---|
| GPCRs a | ERK2 |
| S1P1 receptor | Haem oxygenase |
| S1P2 receptor | HDAC |
| S1P3 receptor | iNOS |
| S1P4 receptor | JNK |
| S1P5 receptor | 3‐ketodihydrosphingosine reductase |
| Ligand‐gated ion channels b | Kinase suppressor of ras (KSR) |
| GluN3A | Lipid phosphate phosphatase |
| Voltage‐gated ion channels c | P38 MAPK |
| voltage‐gated calcium channels | PKA |
| Voltage‐gated potassium channels | PKC |
| Nuclear hormone receptors d | PLA2 |
| Vitamin D receptor (VDR) | Sphingolipid Δ4‐desaturase |
| Enzymes e | Sphingomyelin synthase |
| Akt (PKB) | Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase |
| AMPK | Sphingosine 1‐phosphate lyase |
| Adenylate cyclase | Sphingosine 1‐phosphate phosphatase |
| BACE1 | SPHK1 |
| Caspase 9 | SPHK2 |
| Cathepsin D | SPT |
| CBS | UDP‐glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase |
| Acid ceramidase | Src |
| Alkaline ceramidase | Other protein targets f |
| Neutral ceramidase | Bcl‐xL |
| CERK | COUP‐TF1 |
| Ceramide synthase | Gα |
| CYP24A1 | RAGE |
| CYP27B1 | TNF‐α |
| ERK1 |
| LIGANDS | |
|---|---|
| Aβ | IL‐6 |
| BDNF | Miglustat |
| CNTF | MPP+ |
| Fingolimod | NADPH |
| FTY720‐phosphate | NGF |
| GDNF | NT‐3 |
| Glutathione | Sphingosine (SPH) |
| IGF‐1 | S1P |
| IL‐1α | Tau |
| IL‐1‐β | 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
These Tables list key protein targets and ligands in this article which are hyperlinked to corresponding entries in http://www.guidetopharmacology.org, the common portal for data from the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (Southan et al., 2016), and are permanently archived in the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 (a,b,c,d,e,fAlexander et al., 2015a,b,c,d,e,f).