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. 2016 Oct 5;15(6):1140–1152. doi: 10.1111/acel.12521

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Aβ‐oligomers activate NOX and dysregulate its expression in cultured astrocytes. (A) Cells were treated with Aβ‐oligomers (5 μM, 30 and 60 min) or Aβ‐oligomers together with NOX inhibitors apocynin, DPI, gp91ds, and scramble gp91ds peptides. ROS generation was measured by fluorimetry with CM‐H2DCFDA (10 μM, 20 min). Data are expressed as relative fluorescence normalized to values of untreated cells or cells treated with inhibitors alone (100%). (B) Real‐time PCR was performed using specific primers for the target genes using RNA isolated from cultured astrocytes treated with Aβ oligomers. Bars represent fold change of gene expression normalized to values of untreated cells. Data represent the average of three independent cultures. (C–G) Astrocytes were treated with Aβ (5 μM) or with Aβ together with the NOX inhibitor DPI (5 μM), and protein expression (NOX1, NOX2, and GFAP) was analyzed by Western blot. Histograms represent the intensities of bands normalized to β‐actin, or GAPDH levels displayed as a percentage of the nontreated cells or DPI‐treated cells (100%). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to nontreated cells, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 compared to Aβ‐treated cells.