Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Pregnancy women with GDM | Pregnancy women without GDM | P value | |
| Number of population, n (%) | 47 373 (4.78) | 943 199 (95.22) | |
| Age, y, mean±SD | 31.61±4.54 | 28.83±4.89 | <0.0001 |
| Age group, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| ≤20 | 407 (0.86) | 45 942 (4.87) | |
| 21–30 | 18 617 (39.30) | 558 108 (59.17) | |
| 31–40 | 27 203 (57.42) | 329 929 (34.98) | |
| 41–50 | 1146 (2.42) | 9220 (0.98) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension (ICD-9:401–405) | 1479 (3.12) | 7743 (0.82) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (ICD-9:272) | 1132 (2.39) | 8197 (0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Liver disease (ICD-9:070, 571) | 3165 (6.68) | 44 509 (4.72) | <0.0001 |
| Infertility, female (ICD-9:628) | 8001 (16.89) | 94 405 (10.01) | <0.0001 |
| Kidney disease (ICD-9:582–3, 585–6, 588) | 51 (0.11) | 626 (0.07) | 0.0008 |
GDM, gestational diabetes; ICD-9, International Classification of Disease, ninth Revision.