Figure 2.

Gemcitabine (GEM)‐induced apoptosis of PAN02 cells in vitro and therapeutic effect of GEM on survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models. A, PAN02 cells were incubated in culture media with GEM (300 μg/mL) or without GEM for 48 h; then, apoptotic cells were identified as FITC‐annexin V positive and 7‐AAD negative by FACS. Representative FACS histograms/scatterplots are presented. B, Quantification of caspase‐3 activity of PAN02 cells cultured in culture media for 16 h with or without GEM in the presence of the inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK. The cleaving activity was determined by colorimetric assay; the Student's t‐test was performed to obtain the P‐value. C, Cumulative survival curves of intraperitoneal‐dissemination and liver‐metastasis PDAC mice (n = 6) involving twice a week injection of GEM. PBS was injected in the control group that received no treatment. The log‐rank test was performed to obtain the P‐value