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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 4.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2018 Feb 2;122(3):489–505. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311147

Figure 5. Schematic overview of the upstream signaling modulators of mTORC1 and mTORC2.

Figure 5

Signaling network regulating mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. Arrows indicate the effects of different conditions or cellular events on mTOR activity. Red arrows represent maladaptive input signals, whereas green arrows represent adaptive input signals.

Legend: AMPK, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; CASTOR 1/2, cellular arginine sensor for mTORC1 1/2; ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2; GATOR 1/2, GAP activity towards Rags 1/2; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; IKKβ, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-β; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 kinase; PRAS40, proline-rich Akt substrate 40; Rag, Ras-related GTPase; Raptor, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage response 1; Rheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain; TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis protein 1/2.

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