Table 2:
Multivariable model revealing correlates of opioid misuse among opioid users, NSDUH 2015–2016a
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio | (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratiob | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 50–64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 65 and older | 0.34 | (0.27, 0.42) | 0.46 | (0.36, 0.58) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.84) | 0.70 | (0.51, 0.97) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Non-Hispanic African American | 1.38 | (0.99, 1.92) | 1.24 | (0.84, 1.83) |
| Hispanic | 1.83 | (1.28, 2.61) | 2.02 | (1.33, 3.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.85 | (0.31, 2.34) | 1.30 | (0.52, 3.26) |
| Other | 1.02 | (0.56, 1.86) | 0.92 | (0.49, 1.71) |
| Total family income | ||||
| <$20,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| $20–$49,999 | 0.60 | (0.43, 0.83) | 0.78 | (0.55, 1.09) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 0.64 | (0.46, 0.89) | 0.87 | (0.55, 1.38) |
| ≥ $75,000 | 0.55 | (0.39, 0.76) | 0.73 | (0.48, 1.10) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Widowed | 1.03 | (0.68, 1.57) | 1.37 | (0.84, 2.26) |
| Divorced or separated | 1.62 | (1.27, 2.08) | 1.07 | (0.76, 1.50) |
| Never married | 2.32 | (1.60, 3.37) | 1.30 | (0.80, 2.12) |
| Drug and other substance use - past year | ||||
| Tobacco use | 1.96 | (1.50, 2.57) | 1.16 | (0.81, 1.65) |
| Cocaine use | 9.87 | (5.55, 17.55) | 2.52 | (1.21, 5.25) |
| Marijuana use | 3.62 | (2.71, 4.84) | 2.15 | (1.44, 3.20) |
| Alcohol use disorderc | 4.22 | (2.91, 6.13) | 1.94 | (1.24, 3.05) |
| Prescription Sedative use - past year | ||||
| As prescribed sedative use | 1.58 | (1.24, 2.02) | 1.26 | (0.91, 1.74) |
| Prescription sedative misuse | 9.98 | (6.93, 14.38) | 4.08 | (2.05, 8.12) |
| Prescription Tranquilizer use - past year | ||||
| As prescribed tranquilizer use | 1.26 | (0.97, 1.64) | 1.13 | (0.79, 1.61) |
| Prescription tranquilizer misuse | 17.49 | (11.82, 25.89) | 10.02 | (6.48, 15.50) |
| Prescription Stimulant use - past year | ||||
| As prescribed stimulant use | 1.93 | (1.22, 3.04) | 1.47 | (0.83, 2.58) |
| Prescription stimulant misuse | 13.39 | (5.68, 31.59) | 3.88 | (2.00, 7.53) |
| 2 or more chronic diseasesd | 0.77 | (0.63, 0.95) | 0.89 | (0.68, 1.16) |
| All-cause emergency department use past-year | 0.97 | (0.78, 1.22) | 0.90 | (0.70, 1.17) |
| Major depressive episode - past yearc | 2.00 | (1.34, 2.96) | 1.25 | (0.83, 1.90) |
a
Data from the 2015 and 2016 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
b
Multivariable model adjusted for all variables including survey year to adjust for potential secular trends in use over time
c
Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
d
Chronic conditions include: Asthma, Bronchitis/COPD, Cirrhosis, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Hepatitis, Hypertension, HIV/AIDS, Cancer, Kidney disease.