Illustrative CNT sensor architectures: (a) back-gate FET, (b) electrolyte-gated transistor, (c) molecule-bridged FET, (d) chemiresistor, (e) chemidiode, (f) back-plate chemicapacitor, (g) electrochemical sensor, (h) nanofluidic sensor, and (i) nanomechanical resonator. S = source, D = drain, Ⓐ = ammeter, V = voltage, Ⓒ = capacitance meter, ⌧ = molecular bridge.