Table 2.
Systematic review summary of study findings
| Study | Stimuli type | Trauma specificity of threat stimuli? | Additional stimuli (GNS, PS)? | Array size | Display time | Sampling rate (Hz) | Outcome measures | Results - Attention bias to threat? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Armstrong et al (2013) Journal article |
Faces (disgust, fear, happy, neutral) |
Yes (disgust and fear faces) | GNS = N PS = Y (happy faces) |
2 faces (disgust-neutral, fear-neutral, happy-neutral) |
3 sec. | 60 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. Total dwell time (3 sec.) 3. Dwell time per 500 ms time intervals (6 intervals) |
1. N 2. Y (fear and disgust faces) 3. N |
|
Bryant et al (1995) Journal article |
Words (threat, neutral) | Yes (MVA related words – based on a pilot study) |
GNS = N PS = N |
4 words (threat trials = 1 threat word + 3 neutral words, neutral trials = 4 neutral words) |
10 sec. | 50 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. First fixation latency |
1. Y (threat words) 2. N |
|
Cascardi et al (2015) Journal article |
Images (threat, neutral) | No (general threat images) |
GNS = N PS = N |
2 images (neutral-threat). Single images were Presented sequentially |
30 sec. | 1000 Hz | 1. Overall pupil dilation 2. Pupil dilation for within image threat elements |
1. N 2. Y (within image threat elements) |
|
Felmingham et al (2011) Journal article |
Words (threat, neutral) | Yes (related to Physical assault – based on a pilot study) |
GNS = N PS = N |
4 words (threat trials = 1 threat word + 3 neutral words, neutral trials = 4 neutral words) |
1 sec. | 50 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. First fixation latency 3. First fixation pupil dilation 4. Subsequent (2nd) fixation location |
1. Y (for threat words) 2. N 3. N 4. N |
|
Kimble et al (2010) Journal article |
Images (threat, neutral) |
Yes (Iraq war images) |
GNS = Y (MVA images) PS = N |
2 images (trauma-related threat trials = Iraq-neutral, general negative trials = MVA-neutral) |
10 sec. | 1000 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. First fixation latency 3. Total dwell time (10 sec.) 4. Max pupil sizes during stimuli presentation 5. Subsequent (2nd) fixation dwell time |
1. N 2. N 3. Y (Iraq and MVA images pooled together) 4. Y (Iraq and MVA images pooled together) 5. N |
|
Lee & Lee (2012) Journal article |
Images (violent, dysphoric, positive, neutral) |
Yes (violent scenes of women being abused by men) |
GNS = Y (dysphoric images) PS = Y (positive images) |
4 images (all image types presented in each trial) |
10 sec. | 30 Hz. | 1. First fixation location 2. Total dwell time (10 sec.) 3. Dwell time per 2000 ms time intervals (5 intervals) |
1. N 2. Y (increase for violent and dysphoric images, decrease for happy imaged) 3. N |
|
Lee & Lee (2014) Journal article |
Faces (anger, fear, happy, neutral) | Yes (angry faces) |
GNS = Y (fear faces) PS = Y (happy faces) |
2 faces (angry-neutral, fearful-neutral, happy-neutral, angry-happy,fearful-happy) |
10 sec. | 50 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. Total dwell time (10 sec.) 3. Dwell time per 2000 ms time intervals (5 intervals) |
1. N 2. Y (angry and fear faces) 3. N |
|
Matlow (2013) PhD thesis |
Images (threat, positive, and neutral relationship images) | Yes (negative male-female interaction) |
GNS = N PS = Y (positive male-female interaction) |
4 images (1 threat + 1 positive + 2 neutral) |
15 sec. | 60 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. First fixation latency 3. Total dwell time (15 sec.) 4. Dwell time per 5000 ms time intervals (3 intervals) 5. Dwell time per 1000 ms time intervals (15 intervals) |
1. N 2. N 3. Y (different dwell time patterns) 4. N 5. N |
|
Stewart (2012) – Study 1 PhD thesis |
Image (street scenes) |
N/A | GNS = N PS = N |
1 image (neutral) |
7 sec. | 250 Hz | 1. Saccade/fixation count 2. Saccade duration 3. scan-path length |
1. N 2. N 3. N |
|
Stewart (2012) – Study 2 PhD thesis |
Real streets (viewed While walking) | N/A | GNS = N PS = N |
1 image (neutral) |
230 meters (~2.5 min.) | 30 Frames per sec. | 1. Saccade/fixation count 2. Saccade duration 3. scan-path length |
1. N 2. N 3. N |
|
Thomas et al (2013) Journal article |
Images (negative, positive, neutral, general threat/trauma relevant threat image |
Yes (content specific according to participants self-identified trauma on the LSC-R |
GNS = Y (negative and general threat images) PS = Y (positive images) |
4 images (general threat trials = negative,positive, neutral + general threat. Trauma-relevant threat = negative, positive, neutral + specific trauma relevant threat) |
6 sec. | 250 Hz | 1. First fixation location 2. Total dwell time (6 sec.) 3. Dwell time per 2000 ms time intervals (3 intervals) |
1. N 2. Y (specific trauma relevant threat) 3. N |
Note. GNS = general negative stimuli; PS = positive stimuli; Y = yes; N = no; sec. = seconds; MVA = motor vehicle accident; min. = minutes; LSC-R = Life Stressor Checklist-Revised.