Table 2.

Applied techniques and norms for dimensioning segments of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk in adult population

Artery segment	Echocardiographic projection	Measurement technique	Applied standards
Aortic annulus	Parasternal long axis view	Inner edge in mid-systole, maximal diameter at the hinge points of the leaflets	Roman et al. [18]
Aortic root		Leading edge in end-diastole, the largest diameter within the sinuses of Valsalva	Devereux et al. [19]
Sinotubular junction		Leading edge in end-diastole, maximal diameter at the transition point from sinus to tubular aorta	Roman et al. [18]
Distal ascending aorta		Leading edge in end-diastole, maximal diameter 1 cm behind sinotubular junction	Roman et al. [18]
Aortic arch	Suprasternal view	Inner edge in end-diastole, maximal dimension perpendicular to the blood flow at the side of the distal wall of the left subclavian artery	Mirea et al. [22]
Descending thoracic aorta	Modified apical four chamber view	Inner edge in mid-systole, maximal dimension in the middle part of thoracic aorta	Evangelista et al. [23]
Abdominal aorta	Subcostal view	Inner edge in mid-systole, maximal dimension at the level of the diaphragm	Evangelista et al. [23]
Pulmonary main artery	Parasternal short axis view	Leading edge in end-diastole, maximal dimension, halfway between the pulmonary valve and the split of the pulmonary trunk on the branches	Sheikhzadeh et al. [24]