. 2019 Jan 15;43(3):539–551. doi: 10.1007/s00264-018-4274-3

Table 2.

Pulsed electromagnetic field effect in articular cells

Culture	PEMF effects
Bovine chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts	Increase of A_2A and A₃ receptors
	Increase of cellular proliferation
	Inhibition PGE₂ release
Bovine articular cartilage explants	Increase of proteoglycan synthesis
Bovine articular cartilage explants	Chondroprotective effect
Human synovial fibroblasts	Inhibition of PGE₂ IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α release
Human synovial fibroblasts	Stimulation of IL-10 release
Human articular cartilage explants	Increase of proteoglycan synthesis
	Counteract the catabolic activity of IL-1b
	Increase of cartilage explant anabolic activities
Human T/C-28a2 chondrocytes and hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts	Increase of A_2A and A₃ receptors
	Inhibition of PGE₂ IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF release
	Increase of cellular proliferation
	Increase of osteoprotegerin (OPG) production
	Inhibition of NF-κB activation
	Reduction of cAMP levels