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. 2019 Mar 4;10:1027. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09011-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Vertical morphology of the perovskite thin film and schematic diagram of the modulation of recombination zone position. a Cross-section scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) image of a indium tin oxide (ITO)/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite film. Energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) measurement was also used at the region marked with the blue lines to illustrate the elemental distribution of Cs, Pb, Br, and Cl. The position versus normalized intensity curves illustrate the integrated intensity of the Cs, Pb, Br, and Cl signals as a function of depth. The perfect overlapping suggests the homogenous distribution of all four signals in perovskite crystals. b The top schematic diagram shows that each perovskite crystal is in a quasi-2D structure, and energy transfer and/or charge transfer occurs after the injection of electrons and holes. The bottom schematic diagram shows that as most of the perovskite crystals disperse at the top of the film, if the injected electrons and holes can recombine in Zone A, a strong blue emission can be obtained; however, if the injected electrons and holes can only recombine in Zone B, the film shows a weak blue emission