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. 2019 Feb 26;10:109. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00109

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Copyright © 2019 Lin, Jiang, Lo, Feng, Chen, Yang, Huang, Wu, Chen, Chen, Chiu and Lai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CDT induces RAGE expression and proinflammatory cytokine production in the mouse small intestine. (A) Mice were treated with PBS or CDT (2.5 mg/kg) by intragastric gavage once every 2 days for six administrations. Arrows in red indicated the days of CDT administration. (B) Tissue sections of the jejunum were prepared and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with antibodies against RAGE, HMGB1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, respectively. The magnified images are shown in the right panel of each cropped area. Arrows in yellow represented severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the intestinal epithelium with pathological derangement. Pronounced expression of proinflammatory cytokines shown in intestinal tissues were indicated by red arrows. Scale bars in left panels, 20 μm and in magnified right panels, 200 μm.