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. 2019 Mar 4;9:3353. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40045-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Index of epithelial cell proliferation positively correlate with PTCH1 protein in moderate COPD patients. (A,B) FFPE-human tonsil sections were stained with Ki67 as an index of cellular proliferation. Representative image of human lung tissues from (C) non-COPD, (D) COPD GOLD STAGE 2, and (E) COLD GOLD STAGE 3 stained with Ki67 antibody were shown. Airway epithelial-specific Ki67+ cells was normalized to the length of basement membrane (µm) in (F) non-COPD, COPD GOLD STAGE 2 and GOLD STAGE 3,4, and (G) with COPD stratified by smoking status (current vs ex-smokers). Values were expressed as mean ± SEM in panels F and G. The Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used in panel F and G. Correlations between airway epithelial-specific Ki67+ cells with (H) total epithelial cell count, (I) epithelial thickness and (J) total epithelial-specific PTCH1 protein expression (data log-transformed) were shown. Linear regression analyses were used in panels H–J. Red dot = non-COPD, blue dot = COPD GOLD STAGE 2.