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. 2019 Feb 26;12:27. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00027

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Copyright © 2019 Manzano Nieves, Schilit Nitenson, Lee, Gallo, Aguilar, Johnsen, Bravo and Bath.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Early life stress (ELS) decreases body weight and delays vaginal opening onset. (A) ELS females weigh consistently less than control females during development and into adulthood. Dots represent group means ± SEM (CR females, n = 12–34 per age; ELS females, n = 5–29 per age). (B) ELS delays vaginal opening onset in female mice. Graph represents the cumulative percentage of mice who had vaginal opening onsets by a given age. (C) The weight at which vaginal opening onset occurs was greater for ELS females than controls. N of the groups for panels (B,C) are presented in panel (C). A two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc multiple comparison test (A), Log-rank (B), and a two-tailed unpaired t-test (C) were used to assess statistical significance between groups *p < 0.05.