Table 1.
Study design | Patients (n)/type | Trial duration | Predictors of | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PATIENT-RELATED FACTORS | ||||
Malla et al. (44) | Longitudinal study | 107 FEP SZ | 2 years |
Response/remission Better premorbid adjustment |
Emsley et al. (45) | Longitudinal study | 57 FEP SSD | 2 years |
Non-response/resistance Single status, lower premorbid functioning |
Crespo-Facorro et al. (40) | RCT olanzapine vs. haloperidol vs. risperidone | 172 FEP SSD | 6 weeks acute phase (in the context of 3 years longitudinal intervention) | Non-response/resistance lower premorbid functioning |
Selten et al. (54) | Longitudinal study | 125 FEP SZ | 30 months |
Non-response/resistance Male gender (plus substance use) |
Albert et al. (43) | Longitudinal study | 255 FEP | 5 years |
Response/remission Female gender, higher age, good premorbid function |
Addington and Addington (42) | Longitudinal study | 240 FEP SSD | 36 months | Non-response/resistance Reduced social functioning and lower premorbid functioning |
Levine et al. (46) | Longitudinal study | 263 SSD at recent onset | 2 years |
Response/remission Good premorbid functioning |
Derks et al. (55) | Randomized, open-label, prospective study olanzapine vs. haloperidol vs. risperidone | 498 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Non-response/resistance Male gender |
Verma et al. (50) | Naturalistic study | 1,175 FEP SSD | 2 years |
Response/remission Female gender, tertiary education |
Teferra et al. (65) | Longitudinal study | 312 FEP SZ | 5 years |
Response/remission Single status |
Crespo-Facorro et al. (41) | RCT olanzapine vs. haloperidol vs. risperidone | 375 FEP SSD | 6 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Poorer premorbid adjustment |
Díaz et al. (51) | Randomized, open-label, prospective study olanzapine vs. haloperidol vs. risperidone | 174 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Non-response/resistance Male gender, single status, and low education level |
Zhang et al. (53) | Prospective cohort study | 398 FEP SZ | 1 year |
Response/remission Higher age |
Di Capite et al. (52) | Longitudinal study | 63 FEP SSD antipsychotic discontinuation | 1 year |
Non-response/resistance Male gender Not related with educational level |
Wimberley et al. (49) | Cohort study | 8,624 SZ at first hospital contact | 9 years |
Non-response/resistance Younger age, living in less urban area, low education level |
Lally et al. (56) | Longitudinal study | 246 FEP SSD | 5 years |
Non-response/resistance Male gender |
Lasalvia et al. (48) | Retrospective study | 444 FEP SSD | 9 months |
Response/remission Good premorbid adjustment and insight regardless of treatment, higher educational level |
Friis et al. (79) | Longitudinal study | 301 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Lower premorbid functioning |
DISEASE-RELATED FACTORS | ||||
Lambert et al. (69) | Retrospective study | 367 FEP SSD | 18 months |
Non-response/resistance High positive symptoms |
Milev et al. (67) | Longitudinal study | 99 FEP SSD | 7 years |
Non-response/resistance Cognitive and negative symptoms |
Siegel et al. (74) | longitudinal study | 208 FEP SZ | 2–8 years (mean 3 years) |
Non-response/resistance High positive, negative, and depressive symptoms |
Selten et al. (54) | Longitudinal study | 125 FEP SZ | 30 months |
Non-response/resistance Substance use |
Addington and Addinton (42) | Longitudinal study | 240 FEP SSD | 36 months |
Non-response/resistance High positive and negative symptoms |
Boter et al. (82) | Longitudinal study | 498 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Response/remission Absence of use disorder |
Strauss et al. (72) | Longitudinal study | 56 FEP SZ | 20 years |
Non-response/resistance Deficit syndrome |
Levine and Rabinowitz (47) | Longitudinal study | 49 FEP SSD | 2 years |
Non-response/resistance Cognitive impairment Diagnosis of schizophrenia Early age at onset |
Üçok et al. (62) | Longitudinal study | 93 FEP SZ | 2 years |
Response/remission High positive and low negative symptoms at onset |
Galderisi et al. (73) | RCT olanzapine vs. amisulpride vs. ziprasidone vs. quetiapina | 345 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Non-response/resistance Persistent negative symptoms |
Verma et al. (50) | Naturalistic study | 1,175 FEP SSD | 2 years |
Non-response/resistance Diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Crespo-Facorro et al. (41) | RCT olanzapine vs. haloperidol vs. risperidone | 375 FEP SSD | 6 weeks |
Non-response/resistance High positive and disorganized symptoms, diagnosis of schizophrenia, and early age at onset |
Gaebel et al. (78) | RCT risperidone vs. haloperidol | 166 FEP SZ | 1 year |
Response/remission Low positive and negative symptoms |
Pelayo-Terán et al. (81) | RCT risperidone vs. haloperidol | 161 FEP SSD | 6 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Cannabis use |
Austin et al. (70) | longitudinal study | 496 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Negative symptoms Substance use |
Chiliza et al. (7) | Longitudinal study | 126 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Non-response/resistance High negative symptoms |
Ventura et al. (75) | Longitudinal study | 146 SZ recent onset | 1 year + 7 years of follow-up |
Non-response/resistance Early negative symptoms |
Friis et al. (79) | Longitudinal study | 301 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Wimberley et al. (49) | Cohort study | 8,624 SZ at first hospital contact | 9 years |
Non-response/resistance Diagnosis of schizophrenia Substance use |
Demjaha et al. (8) | Longitudinal study | 323 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Negative symptoms at onset diagnosis of schizophrenia and early age at onset |
Yoshimura et al. (76) | Retrospective study | 131 FEP SZ | Not reported |
Non-response/resistance High negative symptoms |
Downs et al. (77) | Cohort study | 638 early-onset psychosis (10–17 years) | 5 years |
Non-response/resistance High negative symptoms |
NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS | ||||
Garner et al. (89) | Controlled dose-finding study | 42 FEP SZ with quetiapine | 12 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Larger pituitary volume |
Palaniyappan et al. (90) | Case-control study | 126 (80 FEP) SSD | 12 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Hypogyria at bilateral insular, left frontal, and right temporal regions |
Mondelli et al. (88) | Longitudinal study | 68 FEP 57 controls |
12 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Blunted cortisol awakening response and increased proinflammatory cytokines |
Kim et al. (86) | RCT | 12 SZ—TR with clozapine vs. 12 SZ responders vs. 12 healthy controls | 12 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Lower dopamine synthesis capacity in striatum |
Walker et al. (87) | RCT (post-mortem) | 14 SZ (6 TR) 9 healthy controls |
Not available |
Non-response/resistance Reduction of myelination in substantia nigra |
TREATMENT-RELATED FACTORS | ||||
Bottlender et al. (101) | Longitudinal study | 58 FEP SZ | 15 years |
Non-response/resistance Longer DUP |
Correll et al. (93) | Open-label study | 131 acute SSD with fluphenazine | 4 weeks |
Non-response/resistance Poor response at week 1 |
Malla et al. (44) | Longitudinal study | 107 FEP SZ | 2 years |
Response/remission Higher level of adherence |
Leucht et al. (94, 95) | Data analysis from 7 RCTs | 1,708 SSD | Not available |
Non-response/resistance Poor response at week 1 and 2 |
Kinon et al. (26) | Data analysis from 5 RCTs | 1,077 SSD | 6 months |
Non-response/resistance Poor early response (but early response does not predict subsequent response) |
Boter et al. (82) | Longitudinal study | 498 FEP SSD | 1 year |
Response/remission Higher level of adherence |
Kinon et al. (96) | RCT | 628 SSD with risperidone. If non response switch to olanzapine | 12 weeks + 10 weeks if non early response |
Non-response/resistance Poor response within 2 weeks |
Üçok et al. (62) | Longitudinal study | 93 FEP SZ | 2 years |
Response/remission Higher level of adherence |
Zhang et al. (53) | Prospective cohort study | 398 FEP SZ | 1 year |
Response/remission Higher level of adherence |
Austin et al. (70) | Longitudinal study | 496 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Longer DUP |
Friis et al. (79) | Longitudinal study | 301 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Longer DUP |
Demjaha et al. (8) | Longitudinal study | 323 FEP SSD | 10 years |
Non-response/resistance Longer DUP |
Yoshimura et al. (76) | Retrospective study | 131 FEP SZ | Not reported |
Response/remission Shorter DUP |
SZ, schizophrenia; SSD, schizophrenia spectrum disorders; FEP, first episode of psychosis; TR, treatment resistant; RCT, randomized-controlled study; DUP, duration of untreated psychosis.