TABLE 1.
Molecular targets and biological responses of LPA
| Molecular Target | Signaling Mechanism | Biological Response | Reference |
| LPA1 GPCR | Gq/11, Gi, G12/13, PDZ | Cell migration, bone development, cell proliferation, cortical development, carcinoma cell invasion, metastasis | (3, 57) |
| LPA2 GPCR | Gq/11, Gi, G12/13, PDZ, LIM | Cell survival, cell proliferation, cell motility, invasion and metastasis | (3, 57) |
| LPA3 GPCR | Gq/11, Gi, Gs | Embryo implantation, cell motility, | (3, 57) |
| LPA4 GPCR | Gs, Gq/11, Gi, G12/13, | Cell motility, lymphangiogenesis | (3, 57) |
| LPA5 GPCR | Gq/11, G12/13, | Inhibition of T cell receptor, B cell receptor, platelet aggregation | (3, 57–60) |
| LPA6 GPCR | Gs, Gi, G12/13, | Hair growth, vascular development | (3, 57) |
| PPARγ | Genes with PPRE elements | Regulation of lipid uptake, metabolism, arterial wall remodeling and neointima | (61–66) |
| TRPV1 channel | Ca2+ influx | Nociception and itch | (39, 40, 67, 68) |
| TRPA1 channel | Ca2+ influx | Itch sensation | (68, 69) |
| M-type K+ channel | K+ influx | Increased cell excitability | (69, 70) |
| Villin | LPA binding, carrier, sequestration | Epithelial cell migration, lamellipodia formation | (71) |
| Gelsolin | LPA binding, carrier, sequestration | Regulation of actin polymerization and inhibition of inflammation | (72–80) |
| Fragmin and adseverin | Inhibition of PI 4,5-P2 binding and enhanced phosphorylation by c-src | Inhibition of actin severing | (75) |
| Gintonin latex-like protein | LPA-binding carrier | LPA delivery to LPA GPCR | (72) |