Table 2.
Summary of studies of correlates of MVPA during secondary school PE lessons.
| Correlates variables | Related to MVPA | Unrelated to MVPA References No |
Summary code | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References No | Asso (−/+) | Asso | % Studies | ||
| Demographic and biological variables | |||||
| Sex (boys) | [10, 23–33] | + | [34–36] | + + | 12/16 75% |
| [37] | − | ||||
| School level (high school) | [35] | + | [27] | 0 | 1/3 33% |
| [36] | − | ||||
| Grade | [23, 36, 38, 39] | − | [27, 34] | ? | 4/8 50% |
| [31, 33] | + | ||||
| BMI (overweight) | [40] | − | [10, 33, 41, 42] | 0 | 1/5 20% |
| Skill level (high) | [26] | + | ND | ||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness(healthy) | [43] | + | ND | ||
| Ethnicity (White) | [24, 42, 44] | + | + + | 3/3 100% | |
| Instruction-related variables | |||||
| Class size | [10, 45] | + | [31, 46–48] | 0 | 2/8 25% |
| [49, 50] | − | ||||
| Class gender | |||||
| Boys-only | [32, 44, 47, 51, 52] | + | + + | 5/5 100% | |
| Co-educational | [48, 52] | + | [44, 51] | ? | 2/5 40% |
| [32] | − | ||||
| Girls-only | [32, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52] | − | − − | 6/6 100% | |
| Lesson length | [51] | − | [47] | ND | |
| PE activities | |||||
| Team games | [10, 26, 30, 35–38, 40] | + | [27, 31, 47] | + + | 8/12 67% |
| [34] | − | ||||
| Individual games | [38, 47] | + | [10, 26, 30, 31, 34–37] | 0 | 2/10 20% |
| Movement activities | [10, 26, 30, 35–38, 40, 47, 53] | − | [31, 34] | − − | 10/12 83% |
| Individual activities | [34, 38, 53] | + | [10, 26, 31, 35, 37, 47] | 0 | 3/10 30% |
| [36] | − | ||||
| Lesson context | |||||
| Fitness activities | [32, 48, 50] | + | [45, 47, 51, 52] | ? | 3/7 43% |
| Free play | [32, 45, 47, 48, 50–52] | 0 | 0/7 0% | ||
| Game play | [32, 51, 52] | + | [45, 47, 48, 50] | ? | 3/7 43% |
| Skill drills | [32, 52] | + | [45, 47, 48, 50, 51] | 0 | 2/7 29% |
| Management | [32] | − | [45, 47, 48, 50–52] | 0 | 1/7 14% |
| Knowledge | [32, 47, 48, 50, 51] | − | [45, 52] | − − | 5/7 71% |
| Teacher gender (male) | [47, 48, 50] | 0 | 0/3 0% | ||
| Teacher experience | [45] | − | ND | ||
| Teacher type (PE specialist) | [50] | ND | |||
| Teacher behavior | |||||
| Fitness promotion | [47] | ND | |||
| Fitness demonstration | [47] | ND | |||
| General instruction | [47] | − | ND | ||
| Observation | [47] | + | ND | ||
| Class management | [47] | ND | |||
| Other tasks | [47] | ND | |||
| School physical environment variables | |||||
| Lesson location (outdoors) | [45, 48, 50, 54] | + | [10, 47] | + + | 4/6 67% |
| Accessibility of facilities/equipment | [49] | + | ND | ||
| Large Space | [47] | + | [31] | ND | |
| Natural environment (Fall) | [54] | + | [47] | ND | |
| School structure quality | [11] | ND | |||
| School structure quantity | [11] | ND | |||
| Psychological variables | |||||
| Self-determined motivation | [55] | + | ND | ||
| Autonomous motivation | [46] | + | ND | ||
| Controlled motivation | [46] | ND | |||
| Intrinsic motivation | [56] | + | [2, 57] | 0 | 1/3 33% |
| Identified regulation | [2, 56, 57] | 0 | 0/3 0% | ||
| Introjected regulation | [57] | ND | |||
| External regulation | [2] | − | [56, 57] | 0 | 1/3 33% |
| Amotivation | [56] | − | [2, 46, 57] | 0 | 1/4 25% |
| Competence | [39] | + | [25, 57, 58] | 0 | 1/4 25% |
| Autonomy | [58] | + | [57] | ND | |
| Relatedness | [58] | + | [57] | ND | |
| Expectancy beliefs | [29, 59] | + | [28] | + + | 2/3 67% |
| Subjective task values | [28, 59, 60] | + | [29] | + + | 3/4 75% |
| Achievement goals | [61] | + | ND | ||
| Self-efficacy | [59–61] | + | [10, 23, 62] | ? | 3/6 50% |
| Outcome expectancy | [59] | + | ND | ||
| Enjoyment | [2, 62] | + | + + | 2/3 67% | |
| [25] | − | ||||
Note: Asso = association.
Variables were coded as ‘no description (ND)' when reported less than three studies; when variables appear more than three times, 60%–100% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘+ +' (positive) or ‘− −' (negative); 34%–59% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘?' (indeterminate/inconsistent); 0%–33% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘0' (no association).