Table 3.
Demographic, socioeconomic, health care utilization, conflict, and displacement related factors associated with mental health disorders, multivariable logistic regression models
| Variablea,b | Level | Anxiety (N = 463) | Depression (N = 422) | PTSD (N = 143) | Somatoform (N = 278)d | Psychosis (N = 172)e | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Age Group | 18 to 34 | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.0035 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.0035 | ||||||
| 35 to 49 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| 50 to 64 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | |||||||||
| 65 + | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | |||||||||
| Gender | Female | 3.8 (1.7–8.5) | 0.0011 | 2.2 (1.2–3.9) | 0.0072 | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Ethnicity | Muslim or Sinhala | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0022 | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0231 | ||||||
| Tamil | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Religion | Hindu | 1 | 0.0372 | 1 | 0.0272 | ||||||
| Islam | 6.7 (1.4–32.2) | 8.3 (0.6–122.0) | |||||||||
| Christian or other | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | |||||||||
| Employment Status | Employed | 1 | < 0.0001 | 1 | < 0.0001 | 1 | 0.068 | 1 | 0.0017 | ||
| Unemployed/Off Sick/Disabled | 3.3 (1.9–5.7) | 4.2 (2.5–7.2) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 2.8 (1.0–7.4) | |||||||
| Student, Retired, Other | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | |||||||
| Housewife / At Home | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | |||||||
| Education Level | No formal education, other education | 2.4 (1.1–5.4) | 0.0067 | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | < 0.0001 | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 0.0395 | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 0.0123 | ||
| Grades 1-Grade 5 | 3.0 (1.5–5.8) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) | 4.0 (1.4–11.3) | 1.5 (0.9–2.8) | |||||||
| Grades 6 through O/Ls (Grade 12) | 1.9 (1.1–3.5) | 2.6 (0.8–8.7) | 2.3 (0.8–6.5) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | |||||||
| University or Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Household Size | 1 to 3 | 1 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| 4 to 5 | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | ||||||||||
| 6 to 10 | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | ||||||||||
| Born in Region? | No | 1 | 0.0049 | 1 | 0.0136 | 1 | 0.0185 | ||||
| Yes | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | ||||||||
| Lived in Region for Conflict? | No | 1 | 0.0451 | ||||||||
| Yes | 3.8 (1.0–14.0) | ||||||||||
| Variablea,b | Level | Anxiety (N = 463) | Depression (N = 422) | PTSD (N = 143) | Somatoform (N = 278)d | Psychosis (N = 172)e | |||||
| aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | aORc (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Number of Times Displaced | Once | 1 | 0.0952 | ||||||||
| More Than Once | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | ||||||||||
| Did you return to your area of origin? If no, why not? | Home/Village Destroyed, Nowhere to go | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 0.0186 | ||||||||
| Did not want to return to old home | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | ||||||||||
| Government directed to a different location | 2.7 (0.8–8.6) | ||||||||||
| Did return to area of origin | 1 | ||||||||||
| Loss of family during conflict | No | 1 | 0.0026 | 1 | 0.0029 | 1 | 0.0737 | 1 | 0.0095 | ||
| Yes | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | |||||||
| Injury to family during conflict | No | 1 | 0.0001 | 1 | 0.0485 | 1 | 0.0824 | 1 | 0.0005 | 1 | < 0.0001 |
| Yes | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 2.1 (0.9–4.7) | 2.3 (1.5–3.8) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | ||||||
| Social Support Availability | Low | 2.4 (1.2–4.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.8 (1.0–3.5) | 0.0116 | ||||||
| Medium | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.4) | |||||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Social Support Adequacy | Low | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | < 0.0001 | 3.7 (2.6–5.2) | < 0.0001 | 8.9 (4.2–18.8) | < 0.0001 | 4.2 (2.3–7.4) | < 0.0001 | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 0.0265 |
| Medium | 2.7 (1.8–4.2) | 3.0 (1.3–6.9) | 7.1 (3.3–15.2) | 3.6 (2.0–6.5) | 2.4 (1.2–4.8) | ||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Social Network Adequacy | Inadequate | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 0.0007 | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | 0.0066 | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 0.0796 | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 0.0314 | ||
| Adequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Saw MH specialist within past 3 monthsf | No | 1 | 0.0002 | 1 | < 0.0001 | 1 | < 0.0001 | 1 | 0.0145 | ||
| Yes | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | |||||||
| The care I received was not good | Disagree | 1 | 0.0141 | ||||||||
| Agree | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | ||||||||||
| Hospital Type | District Hospital | 1 | 0.0159 | ||||||||
| Primary medical care unit | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | ||||||||||
| Days without food in the past month | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | < 0.0001 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.0002 | |||||||
aEmpty cells in the table are due to lack of significance at the α = 0.1 level in the multivariable model for that disorder. b Bold face signifies significance at the α = 0.05 level
caOR: adjusted Odds Ratio – the odds ratio obtained from the multivariable model. d Somatoform stands for somatoform symptoms.e Psychosis refers to psychosis with hypomania. fMH: Mental Health; Values of “1” in the table represent the reference category for that variable