Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients
| Total | Nausea and vomiting (−) | Nausea and vomiting (+) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (Liraglutide/lixisenatide) | 130 (83 / 47) | 85 (59 / 26) | 45 (24 / 21) | |
| Sex (% male) | 45.4 | 52.9 | 31.1 | 0.026 |
| Age (years) | 56.8 ± 13.3 | 56.3 ± 13.7 | 57.8 ± 12.6 | 0.529 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.2 ± 9.6 | 11.5 ± 9.3 | 13.4 ± 10.1 | 0.309 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 (24.6–32.2) | 27.8 (25.4–32.3) | 25.9 (24.1–31.1) | 0.292 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 0.673 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.9 ± 18.8 | 133.8 ± 17.4 | 134.2 ± 21.2 | 0.899 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.4 ± 13.5 | 75.2 ± 13.5 | 75.8 ± 13.6 | 0.796 |
| AST (U/L) | 22 (17–31) | 21 (17–29) | 23 (17–32) | 0.448 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24 (17–39) | 24 (17–39) | 24 (20–37) | 0.609 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.1 ± 20.5 | 77.0 ± 19.5 | 71.5 ± 22 | 0.146 |
| CrCl (mL/min) | 110.7 ± 54.0 | 116.2 ± 55.6 | 100.3 ± 49.8 | 0.140 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 50.8 ± 11.1 | 50.1 ± 10.8 | 52.1 ± 11.7 | 0.350 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 115.2 ± 31.6 | 118.4 ± 31.5 | 109.1 ± 31.1 | 0.111 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 145 (99–227) | 146 (99–228) | 144 (102–214) | 0.619 |
| Diabetes complications (%) | ||||
| Retinopathy | 37.7 | 29.4 | 53.3 | 0.013 |
| Nephropathy | 41.5 | 37.6 | 48.9 | 0.160 |
| Previous antidiabetic treatment (%) | ||||
| Diet only | 14.6 | 17.6 | 8.9 | 0.204 |
| Sulfonylureas | 39.2 | 40.0 | 37.8 | 0.852 |
| Metformin | 41.5 | 41.2 | 42.2 | 1 |
| Glinides | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 1 |
| α‐Glycosidase inhibitors | 15.4 | 14.1 | 17.8 | 0.615 |
| Pioglitazone | 8.5 | 10.6 | 4.4 | 0.328 |
| DPP‐4 inhibitors | 27.7 | 24.7 | 33.3 | 0.310 |
| Insulin | 29.2 | 30.6 | 26.7 | 0.690 |
| Treatment with PPIs or H2RAs (%) | 14.6 | 10.6 | 22.2 | 0.115 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile range or numbers and percentages. The statistical significance was estimated using Student's t‐test or the Mann–Whitney U‐test for continuous variables, and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CrCl, creatinine clearance; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein; H2RAs, histamine‐2 receptor antagonists; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride.