Table 1. XFEL sources and instruments suitable for MX experiments.
| XFEL source and location | Station and references | Important beam parameters† | Sample-delivery methods | Other standard equipment available |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCLS, Stanford, USA | CXI (Liang et al., 2015 ▸) | 0.1 and 1 µm | Jets (vacuum) | Pump–probe laser |
| 2.0–12.8 keV | CSPAD | |||
| 1–3 mJ | ||||
| 5–250 fs FHWM | ||||
| 120 Hz | ||||
| MFX (Boutet et al., 2016 ▸) | 3 µm | Standard jet setup (He path), standard goniometer setup for fixed target (air/He) | Automatic sample changer, temperature and humidity control | |
| 5–11 keV | ||||
| 1–3 mJ | Rayonix MX325-HS or CSPAD | |||
| 5–250 fs FWHM | ||||
| 120 Hz | ||||
| SwissFEL, Villigen, Switzerland | Alvra Prime (Milne et al., 2017 ▸) | 1.5 µm | Jets (vacuum/controlled atmosphere) | Pump–probe laser |
| 2–12.4 keV | Simultaneous spectroscopy (Von Hamos spectrometer) | |||
| 0.2–1.4 mJ | ||||
| 2–20 fs r.m.s. | Jungfrau 16M | |||
| 100 Hz | ||||
| SwissMX at Bernina (Milne et al., 2017 ▸; Pedrini et al., 2016 ▸) | 2–20 µm | Fixed target (air/He) | Pump–probe laser (to come) | |
| 4.5–12.4 keV | Automatic sample changer | |||
| 0.2–1.4 mJ | Jungfrau 16M | |||
| 2–20 fs r.m.s. | ||||
| 100 Hz | ||||
| PAL-XFEL, Pohang, Republic of Korea | EH2 (experiment hutch 2) – NCI(Park et al., 2018 ▸) | 3–5 µm | Jets (air/He) | Pump–probe laser |
| 5–15 keV | Fixed target (to come) | Rayonix MX225-HS | ||
| ∼1 mJ | Jungfrau 4M (2019) | |||
| 20 fs FWHM | ||||
| Up to 60 Hz | ||||
| SACLA, Hyogo, Japan | BL3 and BL2 (Tono et al., 2013 ▸) | 1–5 µm | Jets (air/He), fixed target (air) | Pump–probe laser |
| 4–20 keV | Automatic sample changer | |||
| 0.5 mJ at 10 keV | Rayonix MX225-HS MPCCD | |||
| 2–10 fs FWHM | ||||
| 30 Hz, up to 60 Hz | ||||
| European XFEL, Hamburg, Germany | SPB/SFX (Altarelli & Mancuso, 2014 ▸; Tschentscher et al., 2017 ▸; Bean et al., 2016 ▸) | 1 µm or ∼0.1 µm upstream, 1 µm downstream | Liquid/aerosol/gas injection systems (vacuum), fixed-target scanner (He) | Pump–probe laser |
| AGIPD 1M and 4M, Jungfrau 4M (2019) | ||||
| 0.5 mJ at 9 keV | ||||
| 5–300 fs | ||||
| 10 Hz train rate, 4.5 MHz in train, 2700 pulses per train |
†
Focus size, photon energy, pulse intensity, pulse duration and maximum repetition rate. All of the reported beam parameters are indicative and may not be obtained simultaneously in a given beamline configuration. The beam parameters listed for the European XFEL, SwissFEL and PAL-XFEL facilities are the design parameters, which may not yet have been achieved. Not all detectors can collect at the full repetition rate of the facility.