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. 2019 Jan 28;75(Pt 2):211–218. doi: 10.1107/S2059798319000317

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© Nass 2019

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.

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Illustration of the secondary radiation-damage mechanism induced by intense XFEL radiation in protein crystals. The electron-impact ionization cascades are initiated by released photoelectrons or Auger electrons and significantly contribute to the increase of the ionization level and the temperature in the sample. Electron-impact ionization cascades can add several hundreds of ionizations to the primary X-ray-induced damage, and can reach a radius of several hundreds of nanometres in a few tens of femtoseconds before thermalization.