Figure 3. Association of TDF initiation with relative first-year changes in urine biomarker concentrations, stratified by baseline HIV RNA detectable status.

The unfilled boxes denote participants with undetectable baseline viral load (VL) (HIV RNA < 80 copies/ mL), N=56. The filled boxes denote participants with detectable baseline viral load (HIV RNA ≥ 80 copies/ mL), N=142. Estimates denote the relative percent changes in concentrations of each biomarker during the first year of TDF use. P-values are calculated from tests of time by viral load interaction for each marker. Error bars denote the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The x-axis is truncated at 150%. The 95% CI upper bounds for changes in TFF3 and β2M in participants with baseline undetectable viral load are truncated and extend to 177.6% and 174.7%, respectively. Estimates were calculated from separate linear mixed models, controlling for baseline viral load status (HIV RNA detectable vs. undetectable), time on TDF (using linear spline with cutpoint at year 1), interaction by baseline viral load, and urine creatinine. Numeric values of percent changes for each biomarker, 95% CI, and p-values for interaction are presented in Supplementary Table 3. Full names for each biomarker are as follows: trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), α1-microglobulin (α1m), clusterin, uromodulin (UMOD), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), β2-microglobulin (β2M), albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), anti-chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), cystatin C (CysC), osteoponin (OPN), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.