Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Normal | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lean (n = 10) |
AO (n = 10) |
p-value | Lean (n = 8) |
AO (n = 10) |
p-value | Lean (n = 12) |
AO (n = 13) |
p-value | |
| Age (year) | 39.9±1.0 | 42.4 ±2.4 | 0.347 | 44.9 ±2.0 | 43.9±1.1 | 0.660 | 51.7 ±1.9 | 49.1 ±2.4 | 0.583 |
| Height (cm) | 173.8±1.7 | 174.9 ±1.4 | 0.629 | 170.4 ±1.6 | 175.0±1.7 | 0.071 | 168.7 ±1.7 | 175.0 ±1.8 | 0.016 |
| Weight (kg) | 62.1±1.4 | 75.0 ±1.4 | 0.001 | 70.8 ±2.6 | 80.2±1.9 | 0.009 | 67.3 ±1.9 | 84.8 ±2.6 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.1±0.3 | 24.4 ±0.2 | 0.001 | 24.6 ±0.5 | 26.3±0.5 | 0.025 | 23.8 ±0.4 | 27.7 ±0.7 | 0.001 |
| Soft Lean Mass(kg) | 51.4±1.5 | 52.4 ±1.2 | 0.436 | 53.4 ±1.8 | 57.4±1.6 | 0.116 | 51.9 ±2.1 | 55.4 ±3.4 | 0.388 |
| Fat Free Mass (kg) | 54.3±1.6 | 55.5 ±1.3 | 0.393 | 56.4 ±1.9 | 60.8±1.7 | 0.115 | 54.9 ±2.3 | 58.5 ±3.5 | 0.393 |
| Skeletal Muscle Mass(kg) | 30.6±1.0 | 31.2 ±0.8 | 0.606 | 31.8 ±1.1 | 34.5±1.0 | 0.098 | 30.5 ±1.2 | 42.8 ±10.1 | 0.250 |
| Body Fat Mass (kg) | 9.3±0.5 | 19.3 ±0.6 | 0.001 | 15.0 ±1.0 | 19.7±0.8 | 0.002 | 14.6 ±1.0 | 34.0 ±11.5 | 0.115 |
| Body fat (%) | 14.8±1.0 | 25.9 ±0.8 | 0.001 | 21.0 ±0.9 | 24.5±1.0 | 0.021 | 21.2 ±1.3 | 27.9 ±1.9 | 0.010 |
| Waist (cm) | 76.4±0.6 | 92.1 ±0.7 | 0.001 | 84.8 ±1.1 | 92.8±0.8 | 0.001 | 84.2 ±1.2 | 97.0 ±1.8 | 0.001 |
| Hip (cm) | 92.7±0.6 | 98.1 ±0.5 | 0.001 | 97.5 ±1.3 | 101.6±0.9 | 0.018 | 96.2 ±1.2 | 100.0 ±1.6 | 0.068 |
| WHR | 0.82±0.01 | 0.94 ±0.01 | 0.001 | 0.87 ±0.01 | 0.92±0.01 | 0.004 | 0.88 ±0.01 | 0.97 ±0.02 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.12±0.08 | 5.25 ±0.1 | 0.247 | 5.86 ±0.1 | 5.96±0.05 | 0.234 | 7.91 ±0.41 | 8.60 ±0.46 | 0.275 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 85.0±2.0 | 92.3 ±1.7 | 0.011 | 105.1 ±2.3 | 106.2±1.7 | 0.829 | 133.7 ±11.9 | 154.4 ±9.9 | 0.076 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 15.2±2.5 | 38.8 ±13.8 | 0.075 | 16.3 ±2.4 | 34.4±4.4 | 0.001 | 22.4 ±4.1 | 51.4 ±15.0 | 0.083 |
| AST (IU/L) | 19.6±1.2 | 28.3 ±5.4 | 0.393 | 18.1 ±1.2 | 24.9±1.8 | 0.007 | 23.4 ±2.3 | 36.8 ±7.2 | 0.280 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178.5±5.9 | 208.5 ±8.3 | 0.009 | 219.4±13.9 | 220.6±8.6 | 0.939 | 164.2 ±13.8 | 180.4 ±14.8 | 0.442 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 99.1±12.7 | 175.6 ±24.5 | 0.015 | 197.8 ±53.0 | 240.1±41.6 | 0.360 | 171.5 ±27.1 | 232.8 ±54.4 | 0.334 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 53.7±3.7 | 45.7 ±3.2 | 0.121 | 45.3 ±1.9 | 41.3±2.3 | 0.274 | 41.7 ±2.7 | 44.2 ±3.8 | 0.650 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 103.7±7.5 | 128.5 ±6.8 | 0.025 | 139.6 ±10.4 | 137.0±8.0 | 0.848 | 91.4 ±10.7 | 97.8 ±10.4 | 0.675 |
| Creatine (mg/dL) | 0.88±0.02 | 0.9 ±0.03 | 0.853 | 0.88 ±0.06 | 0.91±0.03 | 0.594 | 0.92 ±0.06 | 0.85 ±0.04 | 0.318 |
Values are given as mean ± SE. Significant differences between lean subjects and subjects with abdominal obesity (AO) were analyzed by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney. Bold font indicates significance at p < 0.05. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.