Table 1.
Year 0 (1985–86) characteristics by graded exercise test (GXT) disposition at the CARDIA Year 7 and 20 exam visits.
| Year 7 (1992–93; cohort ages 25–37 years) | Year 20 (2005–06; cohort ages 38–50 years) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| n | Other, no GXT* | Medical exclusions† | Normal participation‡ | p value | n | Other, no GXT* | Medical exclusions† | Normal participation‡ | p value | |
|
| ||||||||||
| n = 332 | n = 194 | n = 3560 | n = 623 | n = 56 | n = 2870 | |||||
| Age, years | 4086 | 26.0 ± 3.7 | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 0.073 | 3549 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 27.0 ± 3.8 | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 0.14 |
| Sex, % | 4086 | < 0.001 | 3549 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Male | 38.0 | 29.4 | 46.5 | 43.2 | 42.9 | 43.3 | ||||
| Female | 62.0 | 70.6 | 53.5 | 56.8 | 57.1 | 56.7 | ||||
| Race, % | 4086 | < 0.001 | 3549 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Black | 62.0 | 58.2 | 46.5 | 55.2 | 42.9 | 44.7 | ||||
| White | 38.0 | 41.8 | 53.5 | 44.8 | 57.1 | 55.3 | ||||
| Education, % | 4019 | 0.12 | 3491 | 0.002 | ||||||
| ≤High school degree | 70.1 | 71.9 | 66.0 | 68.9 | 72.7 | 63.3 | ||||
| Associate degree | 7.0 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 5.7 | ||||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 22.9 | 24.0 | 28.1 | 23.4 | 21.8 | 31.0 | ||||
| Marital status, % | 4082 | 0.94 | 3546 | 0.57 | ||||||
| Married or living with a significant other | 23.3 | 24.2 | 23.1 | 25.0 | 26.8 | 23.3 | ||||
| Other | 76.7 | 75.8 | 76.9 | 75.0 | 73.2 | 76.7 | ||||
| Full-time occupation, % | 4081 | 0.031 | 3546 | 0.095 | ||||||
| Yes | 54.8 | 51.0 | 59.2 | 57.2 | 46.4 | 59.5 | ||||
| No | 45.2 | 49.0 | 40.8 | 42.8 | 53.6 | 40.5 | ||||
| Difficulty for paying for basic needs, % | 4078 | < 0.001 | 3.544 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Not very hard | 93.7 | 92.8 | 96.7 | 94.7 | 92.9 | 96.7 | ||||
| Other | 6.3 | 7.2 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 7.1 | 3.4 | ||||
| Self-rated health, % | 4061 | < 0.001 | 3528 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Fair/poor | 16.1 | 17.1 | 8.9 | 13.2 | 17.9 | 8.5 | ||||
| Good | 54.2 | 52.9 | 54.1 | 54.5 | 57.1 | 52.6 | ||||
| Excellent | 29.7 | 30.0 | 37.0 | 32.4 | 25.0 | 38.9 | ||||
| Current smoker, % | 4060 | 0.09 | 3529 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 54.4 | 50.8 | 59.0 | 54.4 | 48.2 | 61.4 | ||||
| Former | 13.3 | 16.6 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 25.0 | 13.8 | ||||
| Current | 32.3 | 32.6 | 27.9 | 32.5 | 26.8 | 24.8 | ||||
| Body mass index, % | 4086 | < 0.001 | 3549 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Normal weight | 59.9 | 58.3 | 66.4 | 55.7 | 64.3 | 68.2 | ||||
| Overweight | 17.5 | 21.1 | 23.6 | 24.1 | 21.4 | 22.6 | ||||
| Obese | 22.6 | 20.6 | 10.0 | 20.2 | 14.3 | 9.2 | ||||
| Self-reported physical activity, exercise units | 4085 | 3548 | ||||||||
| Moderate intensity | 114.0 ± 113.9 | 110.0 ± 99.0 | 128.0 ± 107.6 | 0.057 | 116.0 ± 108.4 | 125.5 ± 133.5 | 127.5 ± 106.7 | 0.32 | ||
| Vigorous intensity | 184.0 ± 225.1 | 185.5 ± 202.1 | 237.0 ± 233.7 | < 0.001 | 213.0 ± 223.1 | 236.5 ± 197.1 | 233.0 ± 232.4 | 0.03 | ||
| Total | 305.5 ± 304.4 | 332.0 ± 254.9 | 373.0 ± 300.1 | < 0.001 | 324.5 ± 292.1 | 315.0 ± 307.3 | 368.0 ± 298.1 | 0.045 | ||
| Graded exercise test duration, seconds | 3978 | 480.0 ± 184.4 | 553.0 ± 170.2 | 600.0 ± 169.5 | < 0.001 | 3465 | 540.0 ± 176.5 | 569.0 ± 180.4 | 600.0 ± 168.0 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 4073 | 23.9 ± 7.3 | 23.5 ± 7.5 | 23.4 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 | 3536 | 24.3 ± 6.0 | 23.9 ± 5.5 | 23.3 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 4070 | 77.0 ± 15.7 | 75.8 ± 15.5 | 76.0 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 | 3533 | 78.5 ± 13.6 | 77.9 ± 11.6 | 75.5 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 4086 | 112.0 ± 13.3 | 112.0 ± 13.5 | 109.5 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 | 3549 | 111.0 ± 11.2 | 110.5 ± 10.9 | 109.0 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 4086 | 71.0 ± 11.4 | 71.0 ± 12.0 | 68.0 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | 3549 | 70.0 ± 9.4 | 68.0 ± 10.9 | 68.0 ± 9.3 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 4052 | 176.0 ± 34.0 | 175.0 ± 32.3 | 174.0 ± 33.0 | 0.76 | 3519 | 176.0 ± 34.6 | 167.0 ± 31.6 | 174.0 ± 32.8 | 0.16 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 4038 | 107.0 ± 31.6 | 108.5 ± 31.9 | 106.0 ± 30.8 | 0.94 | 3509 | 108.0 ± 32.2 | 102.0 ± 32.4 | 107.0 ± 30.8 | 0.064 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 4052 | 52.0 ± 13.7 | 52.0 ± 13.7 | 52.0 ± 12.9 | 0.66 | 3519 | 51.0 ± 12.4 | 51.0 ± 15.1 | 53.0 ± 12.9 | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 4051 | 66.0 ± 77.4 | 65.0 ± 41.5 | 61.0 ± 45.4 | < 0.001 | 3516 | 65.0 ± 60.0 | 61.0 ± 74.2 | 60.0 ± 42.3 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, uU/mL | 4030 | 6.7 ± 7.5 | 7.4 ± 6.5 | 6.1 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 | 3504 | 6.9 ± 6.5 | 7.0 ± 7.6 | 5.9 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 4023 | 82.0 ± 28.5 | 82.0 ± 34.5 | 81.0 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 | 3496 | 82.0 ± 16.1 | 80.0 ± 9.0 | 81.0 ± 10.6 | 0.01 |
Individuals were categorized as: (*) other, no GXT defined as attending the exam visit, sick or injured at the time of the exam visit, but not rescheduled, equipment malfunction, and/or participant refusal, (†) medical exclusion defined as meeting medical exclusion(s) prior to or during the GXT, or (‡) normal participation defined as those with available GXT data.