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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2017 Nov 2;106:137–144. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.025

Table 2.

Hazards ratios (HR) for associations of graded exercise test (GXT) disposition (missed GXT for any reason versus normal participation) at the CARDIA Year 7 (1992–93; ages 25–37 years) and 20 (2005–06; ages 38–50 years) exam visits with cardiovascular morbidity and mortalitya and all-cause mortalityb through 28 years of follow-up.

Minimally-adjusted modele Fully-adjusted modelf
Events/N at risk Events, % Hazards ratio 95% CI Events/N at risk Events, % Hazards ratio 95% CI
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Year 7
 Missed GXTc 41/383 10.7 1.58 1.04 2.41 35/346 10.1 1.46 0.94 2.26
 Normal participationd 127/3456 3.7 1.0 126/3399 3.7 1.0
 Total 168/3839 4.4 161/3745 4.3
Year 20
 Missed GXTc 28/592 4.7 1.65 1.02 2.67 27/576 4.7 1.66 1.03 2.70
 Normal participationd 58/2780 2.1 1.0 57/2720 2.1 1.0
 Total 86/3372 2.6 84/3296 2.5
All-cause mortality
Year 7
 Missed GXTc 50/388 12.9 2.04 1.42 2.91 36/350 10.3 1.58 1.05 2.36
 Normal participationd 162/3456 4.7 1.0 158/3399 4.6 1.0
 Total 212/3844 5.5 194/3749 5.2
Year 20
 Missed GXTc 37/620 6.0 2.64 1.71 4.08 36/601 6.0 2.60 1.67 4.05
 Normal participationd 55/2803 2.0 1.0 53/2743 1.9 1.0
 Total 92/3423 2.7 89/3344 2.7
a

Cardiovascular events includes fatal and non-fatal: acute myocardial infarct, heart failure, angina, peripheral artery disease, transient ischemic attack and stroke.

b

Death from any cause.

c

Missed GXT defined as no available GXT data, when the opportunity to perform a GXT was offered.

d

Normal participation defined as those with available GXT data.

e

Minimally-adjusted multivariable models adjusted for age (Year 7 or 20), race, sex, center, smoking status (current and former; Years 0 & 7 or 20), total self-reported physical activity (Years 0 & 7 or 20), body mass index (Year 7 or 20), total cholesterol (Year 7 or 20), systolic blood pressure (Year 7 or 20), and cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, determined using fasting glucose and medication use (Year 7 or 20) and via 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and hemoglobin A1c (Year 20, only).

f

Fully-adjusted multivariate models adjusted for all variables included in the minimally-adjusted multivariable model plus Year 0 graded exercise test (GXT) duration.