Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2017 Nov 2;106:137–144. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.025

Table 3.

Hazards ratios (HR) for associations of graded exercise test (GXT) disposition (no GXT due to medical exclusion versus no GXT, but attended visit versus normal participation) at the CARDIA Year 7 (1992–93; ages 25–37 years) and 20 (2005–06; ages 38–50 years) exam visits with cardiovascular morbidity and mortalitya and all-cause mortalityb through 28 years of follow-up.

Minimally-adjusted modelf Fully-adjusted modelg
Events/N at risk Events, % Hazards ratio 95% CI Events/N at risk Events, % Hazards ratio 95% CI
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Year 7
 Other, no GXTc 26/242 10.7 1.43 0.87 2.33 23/220 10.5 1.36 0.82 2.27
 Medical exclusiond 15/141 10.6 1.90 1.06 3.40 12/126 9.5 1.66 0.88 3.15
 Normal participatione 127/3456 3.7 1.0 126/3399 3.7 1.0
 Total 168/3839 4.4 161/3745 4.3
Year 20
 Other, no GXTc 23/545 4.2 1.52 0.92 2.51 23/534 4.3 1.51 0.91 2.51
 Medical exclusiond 5/47 10.6 3.39 1.26 9.12 4/42 9.5 4.06 1.43 11.5
 Normal participatione 58/2780 2.1 1.0 57/2720 2.1 1.0
 Total 86/3372 2.5 84/3296 2.5
All-cause mortality
Year 7
 Other, no GXTc 32/244 13.1 2.08 1.37 3.15 23/222 10.4 1.55 0.85 2.82
 Medical exclusiond 18/144 12.5 1.97 1.18 3.30 13/128 10.2 1.59 0.99 2.56
 Normal participatione 162/3456 4.7 1.0 158/3399 4.6 1.0
 Total 212/3844 5.5 194/3749 5.2
Year 20
 Other, no GXTc 34/568 6.0 2.61 1.67 4.07 33/555 5.9 2.53 1.61 3.99
 Medical exclusiond 3/52 5.8 3.11 0.93 10.4 3/46 6.5 3.70 1.11 12.3
 Normal participatione 55/2803 2.0 1.0 53/2743 1.9 1.0
 Total 92/3423 2.7 89/3344 2.7
a

Cardiovascular events includes fatal and non-fatal: Acute myocardial infarct, heart failure, angina, peripheral artery disease, transient ischemic attack and stroke.

b

Death from any cause.

c

Other, no GXT defined as attending the exam visit, sick or injured at the time of the exam visit, but not rescheduled, equipment malfunction, and/or participant refusal.

d

Medical exclusion defined as meeting medical exclusion(s) prior to or during the GXT.

e

Normal participation defined as those with available GXT data.

f

Minimally-adjusted multivariable models adjusted for age (Year 7 or 20), race, sex, center, smoking status (current and former; Years 0 & 7 or 20), total self-reported physical activity (Years 0 & 7 or 20), body mass index (Year 7 or 20), total cholesterol (Year 7 or 20), systolic blood pressure (Year 7 or 20), and cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, determined using fasting glucose and medication use (Year 7 or 20) and via 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and hemoglobin A1c (Year 20, only).

g

Fully-adjusted multivariate models adjusted for all variables included in the minimally-adjusted multivariable model plus Year 0 graded exercise test (GXT) duration.