Figure 1.

Left panel: scatter plot of {μ_i} versus $\left\{{\overline{Y}}_{i\cdot }\right\}$, and the sample space is divided into four regions by {μ_i}₉₀ and ${\left\{{\overline{Y}}_{i\cdot }\right\}}_{90}$. Right panel: smoothed density plots of {μ_i} and $\left\{{\overline{Y}}_{i\cdot }\right\}$ and their respective 90%-tiles. Dashed line: true quality {μ_i}; Concrete line: sample average $\left\{{\overline{Y}}_{i\cdot }\right\}$.