Table 1.
Characteristics of maternal covariates measured at the birth of the child, N = 869 140
| Characteristic | Maternal depression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| No | Recent (0–6 months)a | Previousb (6–60 months)a | Past (>60 months)a | Total | |
| Children, n (%) | 790 392 (90.9) | 5219 (0.6) | 44 888 (5.2) | 28 641 (3.3) | 869 140 (100.0) |
|
| |||||
| Year of birth, n (%) | |||||
| 2000–2004 | 272 570 (34.5) | 1413 (27.1) | 8485 (18.9) | 3133 (10.9) | 285 601 (32.9) |
| 2005–2008 | 232 152 (29.4) | 1572 (30.1) | 13 371 (29.8) | 7221 (25.2) | 254 316 (29.3) |
| 2009–2013 | 285 670 (36.1) | 2234 (42.8) | 23 032 (51.3) | 18 287 (63.8) | 329 223 (37.9) |
|
| |||||
| Mean age of mother, years (SD) | 30.6 (4.8) | 30.1 (5.2) | 30.4 (5.3) | 32.1 (4.7) | 30.6 (4.9) |
|
| |||||
| Maternal education, years, n (%) | |||||
| 10 | 129 691 (16.4) | 1474 (28.2) | 13 383 (29.8) | 5729 (20.0) | 150 277 (17.3) |
| 11–15 | 349 177 (44.2) | 2265 (43.4) | 19 294 (43.0) | 12 095 (42.2) | 382 831 (44.0) |
| >15 | 282 547 (35.7) | 1319 (25.3) | 11 409 (25.4) | 10 599 (37.0) | 305 874 (35.2) |
| Unknown | 28 977 (3.7) | 161 (3.1) | 802 (1.8) | 218 (0.8) | 30 158 (3.5) |
|
| |||||
| Maternal income, n (%) | |||||
| Low | 74 354 (9.4) | 433 (8.3) | 3691 (8.2) | 1506 (5.3) | 79 984 (9.2) |
| Moderate | 464 166 (58.7) | 3680 (70.5) | 32 270 (71.9) | 18 232 (63.7) | 518 348 (59.6) |
| High | 251 783 (31.9) | 1098 (21.0) | 8927 (19.9) | 8903 (31.1) | 270 711 (31.1) |
| Unknown | 89 (0.0) | 8 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 97 (0.0) |
|
| |||||
| Civil status, n (%) | |||||
| Widowed | 740 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 81 (0.2) | 40 (0.1) | 861 (0.1) |
| Divorced | 26 867 (3.4) | 311 (6.0) | 3020 (6.7) | 1731 (6.0) | 31 929 (3.7) |
| Married | 426 805 (54.0) | 2546 (48.8) | 19 049 (42.4) | 13 802 (48.2) | 462 202 (53.2) |
| Unmarried | 332 019 (42.0) | 2349 (45.0) | 22 710 (50.6) | 13 049 (45.6) | 370 127 (42.6) |
| Unknown | 3961 (0.5) | 13 (0.2) | 28 (0.1) | 19 (0.1) | 4021 (0.5) |
|
| |||||
| Maternal mental comorbidities,cn (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2438 (0.3) | 141 (2.7) | 1999 (4.5) | 1332 (4.7) | 5910 (0.7) |
|
| |||||
| Paternal mental comorbidities,cn (%) | |||||
| Yes | 4213 (0.5) | 78 (1.5) | 716 (1.6) | 311 (1.1) | 5318 (0.6) |
|
| |||||
| Paternal depression,dn (%) | |||||
| Non-depressed | 752 732 (95.2) | 4624 (88.6) | 39 309 (87.6) | 25 736 (89.9) | 822 401 (94.6) |
| Recent | 3285 (0.4) | 87 (1.7) | 486 (1.1) | 210 (0.7) | 4068 (0.5) |
| Previous | 14 543 (1.8) | 231 (4.4) | 2081 (4.6) | 908 (3.2) | 17 763 (2.0) |
| Past | 19 832 (2.5) | 277 (5.3) | 3012 (6.7) | 1787 (6.2) | 24 908 (2.9) |
|
| |||||
| Preterm birth, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 49 266 (6.2) | 433 (8.3) | 3735 (8.3) | 2132 (7.4) | 55 566 (6.4) |
| No | 73 9523 (93.6) | 4786 (91.7) | 41 087 (91.5) | 26 462 (92.4) | 811 858 (93.4) |
| Unknown | 1603 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 66 (0.01) | 47 (0.2) | 1716 (0.2) |
|
| |||||
| Sex of child, n (%) | |||||
| Boy | 405 161 (51.3) | 2716 (52.0) | 23 159 (51.6) | 14 655 (51.2) | 445 691 (51.3) |
| Girl | 385 231 (48.7) | 2503 (48.0) | 21 729 (48.4) | 13 986 (48.8) | 423 449 (48.7) |
|
| |||||
| Parity, n (%) | |||||
| 1 | 350 203 (44.3) | 2237 (42.9) | 20 658 (46.0) | 11 955 (41.7) | 385 053 (44.3) |
| 2 | 296 549 (37.5) | 1985 (38.0) | 14 832 (33.0) | 11 007 (38.4) | 324 373 (37.3) |
| 3 | 107 697 (13.6) | 694 (13.3) | 6533 (14.6) | 4050 (14.1) | 118 974 (13.7) |
| ≥4 | 35 943 (4.5) | 303 (5.8) | 2865 (6.4) | 1629 (5.7) | 40 740 (4.7) |
a
Exposure groups were defined by the time since fulfilment of the criteria.
b
The criteria ‘previous’ can be prolonged in case of continuous depression.
c
Mental comorbidities included drug misuse, alcoholism, eating disorders, schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorder.
d
Paternal depression is defined by the same criteria as maternal depression. SD = standard deviation. Unknown = missing data.