Table 4.
Hazard ratios of incident opportunistic infections according to the time elapsed since initiation of HAART in PLWHA.
| Time since HAART initiation | New onset of OIs | Follow-up years | IDa | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis | No HAART | 240 | 65775.64 | 3.65 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 240 | 4467.27 | 53.72 | 12.90 (10.40–16.10)*** | 6.92 (5.28–9.08)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 22 | 4209.60 | 5.23 | 2.94 (1.87–4.63)*** | 1.60 (0.98–2.62) | |
| >180 days | 174 | 72659.42 | 2.39 | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.49 (0.37–0.64)*** | |
| Disseminated MAC | No HAART | 8 | 66121.28 | 0.12 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 91 | 4554.33 | 19.98 | 88.60 (45.30–173.00)*** | 29.40 (14.50–59.7)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 20 | 4298.39 | 4.65 | 38.90 (17.90–84.30)*** | 10.40 (4.58–23.7)*** | |
| >180 days | 78 | 74573.58 | 1.05 | 9.85 (4.78–20.30)*** | 2.17 (1.03–4.58)* | |
| CMV infection | No HAART | 127 | 66046.15 | 1.92 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 520 | 4428.12 | 117.4 | 38.60 (31.30–47.70)*** | 13.30 (10.30–17.10)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 47 | 4171.16 | 11.27 | 11.80 (8.33–16.70)*** | 3.54 (2.42–5.18)*** | |
| >180 days | 199 | 72105.43 | 2.76 | 3.01 (2.29–3.94)*** | 0.69 (0.51–0.93)* | |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | No HAART | 875 | 65951.09 | 13.27 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 1544 | 4003.77 | 385.6 | 26.1 (23.6–28.8)*** | 7.78 (6.88–8.79)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 49 | 3777.91 | 12.97 | 2.83 (2.12–3.78)*** | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | |
| >180 days | 510 | 63964.61 | 7.97 | 1.23 (1.08–1.41)** | 0.26 (0.23–0.31)*** | |
| meningitis | No HAART | 48 | 66117.11 | 0.73 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 147 | 4531.52 | 32.44 | 30.50 (21.60–43.20)*** | 8.67 (5.64–13.30)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 11 | 4281.21 | 2.57 | 7.95 (4.14–15.30)*** | 1.88 (0.93–3.81) | |
| >180 days | 58 | 74162.14 | 0.78 | 2.92 (1.76–4.83)*** | 0.52 (0.31–0.87)* | |
| Candidiasis | No HAART | 994 | 64894.10 | 15.32 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 1121 | 3928.09 | 285.4 | 14.90 (13.40–16.60)*** | 5.59 (4.91–6.37)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 46 | 3693.14 | 12.46 | 2.12 (1.57–2.85)*** | 0.78 (0.57–1.06) | |
| >180 days | 497 | 61699.75 | 8.06 | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 0.32 (0.28–0.37)*** | |
| Penicillium marneffei infection | No HAART | 52 | 66009.16 | 0.79 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 80 | 4530.86 | 17.66 | 15.4 (10.3–22.9)*** | 6.86 (4.14–11.4)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 9 | 4280.86 | 2.10 | 4.66 (2.28–9.52)*** | 1.99 (0.89–4.47) | |
| >180 days | 82 | 73911.32 | 1.11 | 2.58 (1.72–3.88)*** | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | |
| Toxoplasma encephalitis | No HAART | 20 | 66121.89 | 0.30 | 1 | 1 |
| <90 days | 45 | 4557.73 | 9.87 | 23.00 (11.60–45.50)*** | 6.63 (2.81–15.6)*** | |
| 90–180 days | 2 | 4308.42 | 0.46 | 3.90 (0.97–15.80) | 1.03 (0.23–4.67) | |
| >180 days | 34 | 74767.40 | 0.45 | 2.40 (1.29–4.46)** | 0.59 (0.30–1.16) |
**<0.01; ***<0.001. aEvents per 1,000 person-years. bAdjusted for demographic data, comorbidities, and AIDS status. HAART = highly active anti-retroviral therapy; PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS; OIs = opportunistic infections; AHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confident interval; MAC = Mycobacterium avium complex infection; CMV = cytomegalovirus.