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. 2019 Mar 5;9:3592. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40256-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of water, honey, and hosts on the longevity of females of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared on pupae of spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). (a) Uninterrupted provision of treatments. N = 13 (water), 12 (honey), 14 (water + honey), 10 (no water, no honey), 11 (water + hosts), 14 (honey + hosts), 10 (water + honey + hosts), and 13 (no water, no honey + hosts) mated individual wasps. (b) 30-minute provision of treatments. N = 94 (water) and 70 (hosts). Distinct lowercase and uppercase letters indicate significant differences among water/honey regimens within host-provided and host-deprived females, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s method). P-values according to either unpaired two-tailed t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.