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. 2019 Mar 5;9:3592. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40256-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of water and honey on life-history traits of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared on pupae of spotted-wing drosophila (SWD, Drosophila suzukii). (a) SWD emergence – percent flies that emerged as adults. (b) Parasitoid emergence – percent SWD pupal cases that gave rise to adult parasitoids. (c) SWD mortality caused by host-feeding + nonreproductive effects³⁵ of P. vindemmiae – percent dead SWD pupae (excluding parasitism) minus natural SWD death. (d) Parasitoid mortality – percent SWD pupal cases containing a dead parasitoid. (e) Natural SWD death – percent SWD pupal cases not exposed to parasitism and that did not give rise to adult flies. P-values were calculated by Two-Way ANOVA. N = 11 (water), 14 (honey), 10 (water + honey), and 13 (no water, no honey) mated individual wasps; NS = no significant effect.