Table 1.
Properties of ABCs in aging and in autoimmune diseases.
| In aging | In autoimmune diseases | |
|---|---|---|
| Described in | Mice (4, 9–12) | Mice (10) and patients (13–17) |
| Phenotype | CD21−/35−CD23− (4, 9, 11) and CD11c+ CD21− T-bet+ (10, 12) | CD11c+CD11b+CD21lowT-bet+ (10, 13), CXCR5−CD21−CD11c+ (14), and CD11c+FcRL4+ (17) |
| BLyS receptor | BR3 and TACI (9) | BR3high, TACIint, and BCMAlow (13) |
| Production of autoantibody | Yes (10) | Yes (10, 13, 14) |
| Secretion of cytokines | TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 (4, 9) | N/A |
| Presenting antigens | Yes (9, 12) | N/A |
| Response to TLR stimulation | Yes, TLR9, and TLR7 (9, 10) | Yes, TLR7 (10, 14) |
| Response to BCR stimulation | Poor (9) | N/A |