Table 1.
Studies investigating immature granulocytes and MDSCs in adults with sepsis.
| Subjects | Cells/phenotypes | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 142 ED patients, 29 uninfected outpatients. | IG (automate-based determination) | Higher % in infected patients, predictor of sepsis. | (93) |
| 70 consecutive ICU patients (51 infected, 19 uninfected). | IG (automate-based determination) | Higher % in infected patients, unrelated to day-21 and in-hospital mortality. | (94) |
| 184 sepsis patients. | IG (automate-based determination) | Increase % associated with severity, but not predictive of mortality. | (95) |
| 136 consecutive ICU patients. | IG (morphology and staining) | Higher % in sepsis than in uninfected patients. Unrelated to mortality. | (96) |
| 35 sepsis and 22 non-septic consecutive burn patients, 19 healthy controls. | IG (flow cytometry) | Increase % post-burn, associated with reduced neutrophil function. Remaining elevated levels (day 7–28) associated with sepsis development | (97) |
| 781 sepsis patients, 20 control outpatients. | IG (flow cytometry) | High % at admission related to organ failure and day-7 and day-28 mortality. | (98) |
| 47 uninfected and 17 infected cardiac surgery patients. | IG (flow cytometry) | Increase % postoperative. Highest levels associated with secondary infection complications. | (99) |
| Meta-analysis (11 studies) of 1'822 sepsis patients. | Delta neutrophil index (DNI, automate-based determination) | Elevated DNI associated with mortality. | (100) |
| 24 sepsis ICU patients, 12 hospital controls. | Interphase neutrophils (flow cytometry) | Present only in sepsis patients, proportional to sepsis severity. Suppress T-cell activity in vitro. | (50) |
| 177 sepsis patients. | IG (flow cytometry) | Increase % at 48 h predictive of clinical deterioration. High % of CD10dim and CD16dim IG correlates with mortality. Kill activated T cells in vitro. | (101) |
| 43 septic shock patients, 23 healthy controls. | IG (flow cytometry) | Increased % of CD10dim and CD16dim IG at days 3–4 and 6–8. Patients with lower % have better survival. | (102) |
| 14 sepsis and 8 uninfected critically ill patients, 15 healthy controls. | M-MDSCs: SSClow CD14+ CD11b+ CD16− CD15+ PMN-MDSCs: SSChigh CD16+ CD15+ CD33+ CD66bhigh CD114+ CD11b+/low | M-MDSCs but not PMN-MDSCs increase at day 13-21 post-sepsis. Similar % of M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs in sepsis and non-septic critical ill patients. | (103) |
| 94 sepsis, 11 severity-matched ICU patients, 67 health donors. | M-MDSCs: Lin− CD14+ HLA-DR−/low PMN-MDSCs: LDG CD14− CD15+ (Excluding eosinophils) | High % of PMN-MDSCs in sepsis patients. M-MDSCs are higher in gram-negative than gram-positive sepsis. PMN-MDSCs > 36% WBC at entry are associated with higher risk of nosocomial infections. PMN- and M-MDSCs suppress T-cell proliferation in vitro. | (104) |
| 67 surgical patients with severe sepsis/septic shock, 18 healthy controls. | MDSCs: CD33+ CD11b+ HLA-DR− M-MDSCs: CD14+ PMN-MDSCs: CD14− CD15+ | High % of MDSCs at admission correlates with early mortality. Decreasing levels of MDSCs correlate with short ICU stay. Sustained levels of MDSCs (>30% of WBC) predict nosocomial infections. | (105) |
| 56 sepsis patients and 18 healthy controls. | M-MDSCs: CD14+ CD64+ HLA-DR− PMN-MDSCs: LDG CD33+ CD14neg/low CD64low CD15+/low | High % of M-MDSCs in all sepsis, but particularly in gram-negative sepsis patients. Prominent PMN-MDSCs in gram-positive sepsis. PMN-MDSCs suppress T-cell proliferation in vitro. | (106) |
ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; IG, immature granulocytes; LDG, low density granulocytes; Lin, lineage; WBC, white blood cells.