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. 2019 Mar 5;9:3470. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39143-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evidence for extravascular parasites. (A–C) Histological sections revealed parasites (green) that did not colocalize to the vascular CF8 staining (red). In both, OCT imaging (D, arrowheads) and ex vivo histology (C, arrowhead) plasmodia were detected in the avascular outer retina. Two-photon microscopy analysis (E, overview) also revealed extravascular parasites (F, magnification). (G) In electron microscopy, plasmodia (P) displacing the photoreceptor outer segments (asterisks) could be identified based on membrane bound bodies (black arrow heads), food vacuoles with pigment (black arrows), pigment granules (white arrow heads), and the inner membrane complex or plastid of the parasite (white arrow). RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; scale bars: C = 20 µm, D = 200 µm, E = 50 µm, F = 10 µm, G = 2 µm.