Table 1.
Participant characteristics (mean values) in the development and clinical validation sets.
| Characteristics | Model development set | Clinical validation set | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MACE | No MACE | MACE | No MACE | |
| Number of patients | 910 | 2,008 | 309 | 664 |
| Age at imaging (years) | 72.45 | 68.13 | 72.38 | 68.32 |
| Sex (% female) | 43 | 48 | 45 | 48 |
| Time to event or censoring (years) | 3.37 | 7.38 | 3.69 | 7.42 |
| OD radius (pixels) | 198.7 | 195.5 | 199.1 | 196.2 |
| CRAE (pixels) | 32.4 | 32.3 | 32.6 | 32.3 |
| CRVE (pixels) | 42.7 | 42.7 | 43.0 | 42.7 |
| Log of tortA | 10.2 × 10−5 | 10.3 × 10−5 | 10.1 × 10−5 | 9.92 × 10−5 |
| Log of tortV | 6.9 × 10−5 | 6.4 × 10−5 | 7.14 × 10−5 | 6.4 × 10-5 |
| AVR | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 |
| CVD gene score | 4.47 | 4.38 | 4.44 | 4.41 |
| Corrected systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.05 | 141.30 | 141.79 | 142.47 |
| Corrected diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.54 | 78.95 | 77.29 | 79.43 |
| Cholesterol levels (mmol/L) | 4.25 | 4.36 | 4.25 | 4.36 |
| High density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 1.30 | 1.36 | 1.32 | 1.38 |
| Log Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.19 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 2.08 |
| History of CVD (% yes) | 52 | 23 | 51 | 20 |
| History of smoking (%yes) | 81 | 72 | 79 | 73 |
Retinal length measurements are in pixels to avoid the uncertainty introduced by commonly used pixel-micron conversion factors30. Differences in image size and resolution are taken into account by VAMPIRE11–13. OD: optic disc; CRAE: central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE: central retinal venular equivalent; tortA: tortuosity of arteries, tortV: tortuosity of veins, AVR: retinal arterio-venule-ratio; CVD: cardiovascular disease.