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. 2019 Mar 5;9:3583. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40166-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dosimetry calculations with internalized GNP clusters obtained using a TEM image. (a) Original TEM image with GNPs accumulated inside the cellular endosome. (b) Extraction of the GNP pixels via applying a threshold pixel value. (c). DPK rescaling method for realistic 2D GNP clusters on a pixelated grid via ray tracing. (d) 3D modelling of the GNP clusters as an input geometry into G4 toolkit. (e) Full-fledged G4 MC simulation for scoring the energy deposition in water medium due to secondary electron emission (red) from GNPs when irradiated with photons.