Table 2.
Physical properties of non-volatile exhaust particles
| Fuels and thrust levels | Non-volatile particles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass conc. (µg m−3) (SD) | Number conc. (×106 cm−3) (SD) | CMD (nm) | estMdepa (ng cm−2) | estNdepa (×109 cm−2) | |
| Jet A-1 | |||||
| 85% thrust | 485 (14) | 2.30 (0.03) | 50 | 432 | 3.2 |
| Ground-idle | 4.6 (0.7) | 1.14 (0.04) | 18 | 6.9 | 2.1 |
| HEFA blend | |||||
| 85% thrust | 335 (8) | 2.04 (0.02) | 47 | 311 | 2.9 |
| Ground-idle | 1.3 (0.5) | 0.29 (0.01) | 17 | 2.1 | 0.6 |
CMD count median diameter, HEFA hydroprocessed esters and fatty acid, SD standard deviation, estMdep estimated particle mass deposited, estNdep estimated number of particles deposited on cell cultures
aEstimated per hour exposure according to Jeannet et al.38