Table 4.
Changes in Prolonged Grief Symptoms, Meaning, and Continuing Bonds from Baseline through Follow-up
| T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Measures | Diff (SD) | d | DIff (SD) | d | Diff (SD) | d |
| PG-13 | −3.14 (3.0) | −1.06 | −8.17 (4.8) | −1.70 | −7.33 (5.8) | −1.26 |
| LAP-R PMI | 4.00 (7.5) | 0.53 | 12.33 (5.9) | 2.11 | 16.17 (12.3) | 1.32 |
| LAP-R Purpose | 2.86 (2.7) | 1.07 | 5.17 (3.4) | 1.53 | 9.17 (7.7) | 1.19 |
| LAP-R Coherence | 1.14 (5.1) | 0.22 | 7.17 (3.1) | 2.29 | 7.00 (5.6) | 1.25 |
| LAP-R Choice/Responsibleness | 3.14 (2.9) | 1.08 | 4.33 (1.4) | 3.17 | 4.67 (7.9) | 0.59 |
| LAP-R Death Acceptance | −0.29 (6.0) | −0.05 | −0.50 (4.5) | −0.11 | 0.33 (5.8) | 0.06 |
| LAP-R Existential Vacuum | −3.94 (6.2) | −0.64 | −4.43 (3.8) | −1.17 | −8.43 (2.8) | −2.98 |
| LAP-R Goal Seeking | 1.71 (6.0) | 0.29 | 5.67 (1.2) | 4.68 | 3.57 (6.5) | 0.55 |
| LAP-R Existential Trans. | 9.08 (7.5) | 1.21 | 14.93 (9.7) | 1.54 | 26.02 (16.9) | 1.54 |
| MQOL Meaning Item | 0.57 (1.4) | 0.41 | 2.50 (1.5) | 1.65 | 3.17 (2.3) | 1.37 |
| PTGI Total | 1.86 (12.5) | 0.15 | 14.00 (12.4) | 1.13 | 18.83 (8.8) | 2.15 |
| PTGI Relating to Others | −0.71 (1.4) | −0.52 | 5.33 (4.5) | 1.18 | 4.50 (2.2) | 2.08 |
| PTGI New Possibilities | 1.71 (3.4) | 0.51 | 4.67 (3.5) | 1.33 | 5.50 (2.8) | 1.96 |
| PTGI Personal Strength | 0.29 (4.9) | 0.06 | 2.17 (3.6) | 0.60 | 5.33 (3.8) | 1.39 |
| PTGI Spiritual Change | −0.57 (3.7) | −0.15 | 0.67 (2.3) | 0.29 | 0.67 (1.5) | 0.44 |
| PTGI Appreciation of Life | 1.14 (2.4) | 0.47 | 1.17 (2.3) | 0.50 | 2.83 (2.7) | 1.04 |
| CBS | 6.00 (9.0) | 0.67 | 9.60 (7.6) | 1.26 | 8.80 (10.0) | 0.88 |
| Secondary Measures | Diff (SD) | d | DIff (SD) | d | Diff (SD) | d |
| CESD-R | −3.86 (7.4) | −0.52 | −6.00 (7.2) | −0.84 | −10.83 (7.6) | −1.43 |
| BHS | −2.40 (4.3) | −0.55 | −4.80 (4.8) | −1.01 | −5.00 (7.1) | −0.70 |
| STAI Trait Anxiety | −1.00 (4.5) | −0.22 | 1.00 (5.7) | 0.18 | 3.00 (6.0) | 0.50 |
| STAI State Anxiety | −5.00 (5.2) | −0.97 | 1.00 (5.1) | 0.20 | −1.00 (5.0) | −0.20 |
| PANAS Positive Affect | 8.00 (17.2) | 0.46 | 14.83 (15.0) | 0.99 | 14.00 (14.2) | 0.99 |
| PANAS Negative Affect | 4.83 (7.5) | 0.64 | 3.40 (6.5) | 0.52 | 2.80 (4.4) | 0.63 |
| SF-36 Physical Functioning | 1.83 (9.8) | 0.19 | −1.39 (16.7) | −0.08 | 2.78 (9.3) | 0.30 |
| SF-36 Role Limitations – Physical | 0.00 (14.4) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.0) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.0) | 0.00 |
| SF-36 Role Limitations - Emotional | 0.00 (19.2) | 0.00 | −11.11 (17.2) | −0.65 | 22.22 (27.2) | 0.82 |
| SF-36 Energy/ Fatigue | 5.00 (16.8) | 0.30 | 14.17 (19.9) | 0.71 | 21.67 (18.3) | 1.18 |
| SF-36 Emotional Well-being | 3.43 (12.1) | 0.28 | 6.67 (12.6) | 0.53 | 13.33 (10.9) | 1.22 |
| SF-36 Social Functioning | −1.79 (16.8) | −0.11 | 12.50 (19.4) | 0.65 | 18.75 (25.9) | 0.72 |
| SF-36 Pain | 1.79 (11.1) | 0.16 | 7.08 (15.5) | 0.46 | 3.75 (14.3) | 0.26 |
| SF-36 General Health | 5.00 (17.1) | 0.29 | 8.33 (14.7) | 0.57 | 13.33 (19.7) | 0.68 |
Note. Measures of change are based on the subset of participants with both a baseline value and the applicable longitudinal timepoint. Cohen’s d reflects the longitudinal gain, such that a positive value indicates an increase and negative value indicates a decrease; optimal direction of change is dependent on the measure. Diff = Mean difference. PG-13 = Prolonged Grief-13. LAP-R = Life Attitude Profile-Revised. PMI = Personal Meaning Index. MQOL = McGill Quality of Life. PTGI = Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. CBS = Continuing Bonds Scale. CESD-R = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – Revised. BHS = Beck Hopelessness Scale. STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. SF-36 = 36-Item Short Form Survey. T2 = Mid-intervention. T3 = Postintervention. T4 = 3 months post-intervention.